tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18562893326893147032024-03-05T17:24:05.496+00:00Constitutions of ClarendonUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger492125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-66549770927469105242021-07-03T08:56:00.003+01:002023-06-19T11:59:57.538+01:00Table of Contents<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18.48px; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
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Introduction to and Chapter List for the Constitutions of Clarendon</h3>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM2IvQJ8r_i0yGOxnIsKnnucxdRN2RzpHGA0eK5m-sODsNl3shiAK-aWltxKMRluQqKUbEbKVlPBM7sC0c6rMYPAEzyIYtEM3uf3Q5bQezTSgi1xEEtkA4UhcVQkW-ElOYgSQnMZ7jkcA/s1600/Henry+and+Becket.jpg" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM2IvQJ8r_i0yGOxnIsKnnucxdRN2RzpHGA0eK5m-sODsNl3shiAK-aWltxKMRluQqKUbEbKVlPBM7sC0c6rMYPAEzyIYtEM3uf3Q5bQezTSgi1xEEtkA4UhcVQkW-ElOYgSQnMZ7jkcA/s1600/Henry+and+Becket.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; height: auto; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;">The Constitutions of Clarendon was a formal document, a set of laws which king Henry II of England had drawn up and set down in writing in January 1164. Henry tried to force Thomas Becket archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops of the English Church to give recognition to his legal programme and their consent to the items in the document by affixing their seals to the parchment on which the laws were written. <span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><br />The document contained a list of Henry's so-called 'Customs of the Kingdom', the royal and legal rights which he claimed over the Church in England, which he asserted as having been in force during and from his grandfather's time (Henry I). All Henry maintained what he was doing was setting these down in writing, as a kind of constitutional statute [<i>per assisam regni</i>], so that there would or could be no doubt as to exactly what they were. Many of the clauses, however, contradicted and conflicted with the Catholic Church's own Canon Law. As a consequence Becket refused to affix his seal to the parchment until after he had a chance which to consult with the Pope, and only reluctantly, after considerable pressure, gave his consent and endorsement to them verbally, which he later retracted, and for which later the Pope was to absolve him of his obligations to the Church regarding this. This made king Henry furious, and effectively had him declared as a traitor later on that same year.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Consitutions of Clarendon did not take place in a political vacuum. The Roman Catholic Church for some time, at least a century before 1164 had adopted a principle of Libertas Ecclesiae [or Freedom of the Church] which meant that the Church demanded absolute autonomy and freedom from interference by and from the secular authorities in the questions of the appointment [investiture] of bishops, control of their own people [the clergy], their own courts and the supremacy of the Pope in spiritual matters. The Constitutions of Clarendon were a manifestation or example of the latest struggle in England between Church and State [sacerdotium v. imperium]. Earlier example of this kind had been the troubles of William Rufus and Henry I with Archbishop [St.] Anselm, and the Investiture Controversy. </span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Some have seen the Constitutions of Clarendon as the most important document of its time as providing a foundation for the separation of church and state, as the most important legislative enactment by the most important king in English constitutional history. Herbert of Bosham, one of Becket's contemporary hagiographers/biographers, describes them as the full cause of the dissension between King Henry II and Becket and the reason for Becket's exile and subsequent martyrdom. The Constitutions brought to the front deep questions about the evolving nature of judicial authority in England, Church [ecclesiastical] versus State [royal] power, and the formalization of the relationship between the two sovereignities. More specifically they were part of Henry II's intended reform of government in England following the long anarchy of King Stephen's reign, and reflect his personal will to assume and reclaim power for the throne.</span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">An examination of Henry I's motives for issuing the Constitutions of Clarendon which were part of his reform of legal system in England might include the following:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">a) Centralisation of the justice system in England under his authority, namely the beginning of a programme to bring reform to the legal system in the country, bringing it more fully under his control. For there to be one single and uniform system of justice and judicial procedures and their administration in the land, one system of law common to all people throughout the kingdom. For there to be one last and final court of appeal in England, namely himself.</span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">b) Reduction of the power of the barons by enforcing his authority over the justice system in England, and reducing their rights to hold courts and decide cases.</span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">c) Increasing royal revenues by ensuring that the fines and income from the royal courts came to the royal exchequer.</span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">d) To establish his right to do this claiming that all he was doing was assuming his rights based on the customs of his grandfather's (Henry I's) time and by extension those of his predecessor kings of England, principally Edward the Confessor and King Cnut.</span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">e) To establish his authority over the Church in England, and to reduce the authority and influence of the Pope in ecclesiastical affairs in England. </span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The principal customs which Henry regarded as belonging to him, but which were contentious, were: his right to collect monies from the Church's vacant sees and abbacies, control over the right of appeal of churchmen to the Pope in Rome, control over the right of the Church to excommunicate the King's barons and other servants of the crown, and his right to have ecclesiastics who had committed felonies to be tried in his own royal courts.</span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Indeed Henry's whole reign might be seen as one of his wanting obsessively to assert his claims and rights as king of England or lands and rights in France. His mother, the Empress Matilda, had lost her right to rule England to her cousin Stephen of Blois [King Stephen], who had usurped the kingdom. When she eventually won the civil war that ensued, after defeating Stephen, it was Henry who was to inherit the kingdom instead of her. But she was always there in the background and probably in the early years of his reign had a strong influence on his policies, almost certainly to the extent of recognising he was the rightful successor of Henry I of England. Perhaps it was her who was pushing him. She was an extremely strong-willed woman. Indeed one might see the Constitutions of Clarendon as part of Henry II's programme for <i>renovatio regni </i>[renewal of the kingdom] of Henry I of England, after the Anarchy of the Reign of King Stephen to use part of Henry II's </span></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.2px;">[973-1024]</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.2px;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> Holy Roman Emperor's motto. The latter sought </span></span><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">Restoration of the Frankish Kingdom</span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.2px;"> Our Angevin Henry II king of England really did wish to seek restoration of Henry I's kingdom. his mother Matilda had been once empress of the Holy Roman Empire, and one of his names used to refer to him was Henry FitzEmpress.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Others, Hume in particular, have argued that Henry had made a very poor choice in selecting Becket for Archbishop of Canterbury. He should have realised, that Becket, who had been an excellent Chancellor, the best possible from the King's point of view, would use his new position as head of the Church in England, that is his ambition would drive him to want to increase the power of the church, the moment he became its leader.</span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Some have seen the Constitutions of Clarendon as one among a series of steps in an undisclosed plan or programme of Henry II's to unite Church and State in England, in which his very first step was to appoint his favourite, his chancellor, Thomas Becket, as archbishop of Canterbury. Henry perhaps wanted to make Becket a junior partner in the management of his kingdom, where Henry was to manage the temporal and Becket the ecclesiastical. Should Becket have been grateful for this great honour? Or was his ingratitude treacherous? This was a programme which Henry ultimately failed to bring about. Or did he? Did perhaps Becket know or understand Henry's real intentions beforehand, and decided to resist them once he became archbishop. Or did Becket stand his ground because the king's so-called customs were an attempt to take away more rights from the Church than either Henry I or any previous king of England had hitherto claimed as theirs. Becket feared that acceptance of these Constitutions might eventually come to mean that England would end up having a totally secular clergy appointed by the King or a Church wholly under the King's control. Did Becket really protect the Liberty of the Church or did his intransigence ultimately destroy it?</span><br /><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">This blog is the story of the Becket Controversy and the events which led to the Council of Clarendon in January 1164, at which the Constitutions were announced. It is about Becket's subsequent trial as a traitor at Northampton in October 1164, and his ensuing escape into exile to France, after which there followed many years of negotiation between Henry and Becket, involving the Pope and the king of France among others, before he was able to return to England. It is the story of Becket's return and his ensuing murder (martyrdom) in his own cathedral at Canterbury in December 1170. This story has all the dramatic features of a classical Greek tragedy: the politics, the interacting dialogue between a protagonist and an antagonist, the chorus of bishops, and the Pope as </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">deus ex machina</i><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">. It is the story of Becket's murder (martyrdom) and his subsequent elevation to sainthood. It is about the Cult of Becket that followed, and the pilgrimages to Canterbury made famous by Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Becket was perhaps the most famous personage of his time and about whom a huge number of Lives (hagiographies) and biographies have been written.</span><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Becket Dispute also involved his relationship with his fellow bishops in England, and the issue concerning the primacy of Canterbury in the kingdom, or whether the archepiscopacy of York was independent from that of Canterbury.</span><br /><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">It is one in the many stories of the power struggles between Church and State which took place during the 11th, 12th and subsequent centuries. It is about the rise in the power of the Pope. It is set in the context of the large empires under powerful monarchs who ruled over vast tracts of Western Europe. The period also marks the beginning of centuries of struggle between the kingdoms of France and England. It coincides with the emergence of the formulation of the Common Law in England. Indeed many of the clauses of the Constitions of Clarendon deal with the limits of the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts relative to the king's own courts. It takes place at a time between, but largely unaffected by either of, the second and third crusades, except perhaps the requirement conceived at the Reconciliation of Avranches in 1172, that Henry was told to provide 200 knights for a year [of the monetary equivalent] for the defence of Jerusalem as purgation for his part in the murder of Becket.</span><br /><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Indeed, St. Thomas Becket is still honoured today by the Catholic Church, as the example </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">par excellence</i><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> of the necessity of every member of the church to show obedience to Rome, to the Pope and the principles of the Catholic Church, its fathers and the canon laws, and its very being, its organisation, its methods, rights to control the faith centrally, its hierarchy and authority, and so forth. Becket honoured the central authority that the Catholic Church asserted it had, and still has, and the Church, in turn, honoured him with the title of Saint following his murder in his cathedral. Becket gave his life for the principles laid down in the Reform of the Church as instigated by Pope Gregory VII. Once he had decided that he would do that it became clear that he could not serve two masters. In the end this decision cost him his life and quite possibly changed the course of English history.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">References </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></b></span>Austin Lane Poole (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PN6MO0_mwaAC&pg=PA197">Oxford History of England Vol 2: From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216</a>. Chapter VII: Church and State - Becket: Oxford University Press. pp. 197–231. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285287-8">978-0-19-285287-8</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofl00john/page/n5/mode/1up" target="_blank">The Oxford History of the Laws of England Volume II: Helmholz, R. H - Internet Archive</a><br />
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<span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Richards, R. J. (2013). Primer on the Origins and Implications of the Thomas Becket Affair, A.</span><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Lincoln Mem'l UL Rev.</i><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">, </span><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1</i><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">, 145.</span></div>
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<a href="http://digitalcommons.lmunet.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=lmulrev" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">http://digitalcommons.lmunet.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=lmulrev</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09hp2rm">BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time - Thomas Becket</a></div>
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<a aria-label="Thomas Becket (In Our Time) by Podcast Zone 6 months ago 52 minutes
1,249 views" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-2sMqqhgoM&t=29s" id="video-title" title="Thomas Becket (In Our Time)">Thomas Becket (In Our Time BBC Radio 4)</a></div>
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<a aria-label="BBC In Our Time: Thomas Becket by Master Huon Damebrigge 1 week ago 51 minutes
27 views" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sC5V7y4hcl8" id="video-title" title="BBC In Our Time: Thomas Becket">BBC In Our Time: Thomas Becket</a></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230083854/http://historyoflaw.co.uk/constitutions-of-clarendon-becket-affair/" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">The Constitutions of Clarendon and the Becket affair</a><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.2px;"> - History of Law Blog </span></span><a href="https://goo.gl/Zbz7uY" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">https://goo.gl/Zbz7uY</a><br />
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Sir Matthew Hale (1792). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh42AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA159">The History of the Common Law</a>. Additional Notes to the Seventh Chapter. Note A p. 146 - Constitutions of Clarendon: J. Moore. pp. 159–.<br />
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<a href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/pollock-the-history-of-english-law-before-the-time-of-edward-i-vol-2">The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, vol. 2 - Online Library of Liberty</a> search for "per assisam regni"<br /><br /><a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.187781/page/n1/mode/1up">English History Illustrated From Original Sources Volume 1 1066 - 1214 - Internet Archive</a><br /><br />Thomas Martin Jones (1970). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smkNAQAAMAAJ">The Becket Controversy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44755-9">978-0-471-44755-9</a>. <span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span><a href="https://archive.org/details/becketcontrovers0000jone/mode/1up">The Becket controversy : T.M. Jones - Internet Archive</a><br /><br /><span class="authors" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">Rowan Williams</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span class="date" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">(2020)</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span class="art_title" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; word-break: break-word;">‘Saving our order’: Thomas Becket and the law,</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span class="serial_title" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church,</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span class="volume_issue" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">20:3-4,</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span class="page_range" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">288-298,</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span class="doi_link" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">DOI: <a href="https://doi-org.plsa2r.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/1474225X.2020.1863695" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;">10.1080/1474225X.2020.1863695</a></span><br /><br />Frank Barlow (16 August 1990). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8j5clEE5VwwC">Thomas Becket</a>. University of California Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07175-9">978-0-520-07175-9</a>.<br /><a href="https://archive.org/details/thomasbecket00barl/mode/1up">Thomas Becket : Frank Barlow - Internet Archive</a><br /><br />W. L. Warren (28 November 1977). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1awwDwAAQBAJ">Henry II</a>. University of California Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03494-5">978-0-520-03494-5</a>.<br /> <a href="https://archive.org/details/henryii00warr/mode/1up">Henry II :W.L. Warren - Internet Archive</a>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2021/07/british-museum-exhibition-2021-thomas.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">British Museum Exhibition 2021: Thomas Becket: murder and the making of a saint</a>
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<b><br />The Constitutions of Clarendon Blog List of Posts</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/clarendon-jan-1164.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Constitutions of Clarendon Jan 1164</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/chirograph.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Chirograph</a></div>
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a) In Latin</div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/constitutions-of-clarendon-primary.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Constitutions of Clarendon: Primary Sources in Latin.</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/extrct-from-william-stubbs-1870.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Constitutions of Clarendon: William Stubbs</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/a.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">A.D. 1164. Constitutions of Clarendon. From William Stubbs</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/constitutions-of-clarendon.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Constitutions of Clarendon</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/labbes-latin-version.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">L'Abbé's Latin Version</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/labbe-acta-conciliorum.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">L'Abbé: Acta conciliorum</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/roger-of-wendovers-latin-version.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Roger of Wendover's Latin Version</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/medley-original-illustrations-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Medley Original Illustrations of English Constitutional History.</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/a-cut-down-version-of-constitution.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">A Cut Down Version of the Constitutions of Clarendon.</a></div>
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b) In English</div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/constitutions-of-clarendon-in-english.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Constitutions of Clarendon in English : Joseph Berington (1790)</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/albert-beebe-white-translation.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Albert Beebe White translation</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/constitutions-of-clarendon-from.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Constitutions of Clarendon from the Medieval Sourcebook</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/huttons-translation-and-commentary.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Constitutions: Hutton's Translation and Commentary</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/roger-of-wendovers-version-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Roger of Wendover's version of the Constitutions: ...</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #888888;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/james-tyrrells-translation-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">James Tyrrell's Translation of the Constitutions 1700.</a></span><br />
<a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/constcla.asp" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Avalon Project : Constitutions of Clarendon. 1164.</a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Notes and Miscellaneous</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/central-issue-behind-constitutions-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Central Issue behind the Constitutions of Clarendon</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/the-constitutions-documented-as.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Constitutions documented as a compromise</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/lyttletons-comments-constitutions.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 1</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/lyttletons-comments-clause-4.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 4</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/lyttletons-comments-constitutions_3.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 5</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/lyttletons-comments-constitutions_4.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 7</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/lyttletons-comments-constitutions_8291.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 8</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/george-lyttelton-1767.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 11</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/lyttletons-comments-constitutions.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 12</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/lyttletons-comments-constitutions_2952.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 15</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/lyttleton-comments-constitutions-clause.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lyttleton's Comments: Constitutions Clause 16</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> </span><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/05/historical-notes-on-clause-2-advowsons.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Historical notes on Clause 2: Advowsons of the King's Fee</a> </span><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/clause-3-and-law-against-double-jeopardy.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Clause 3 and The Law Against Double Jeopardy</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/historical-notes-on-clause-4-ban-on.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Historical Notes on Clause 4: Restrictions on Travel Abroad for Clerics</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/05/historical-notes-on-clause-5.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Historical Notes on Clause 5. Excommunicated Persons and Bail</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/05/historical-notes-on-clause-6-procedure.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Historical Notes on Clause 6: Procedure in the Ecclesiatical Court</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/historical-notes-on-clause-7.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Historical Notes on Clause 7: Excommunication and Interdict without king's consent</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/historical-notes-on-clause-8-appeals-to.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Historical Notes on Clause 8: Appeals to the Pope</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/historical-notes-of-clause-9-juries.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Historical Notes on Clause 9: Juries and the Assize Utrum.</span></a><br />
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/05/historical-notes-on-clause-10-persons.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Historical Notes on Clause 10: Persons cited for Excommunication</a><br /><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/05/historical-notes-on-clause-11-on-estate.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Historical Notes on Clause 11: On the Estate of the Clergy</a></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #33aaff; text-indent: -15px;"><br /></span><br />
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="text-indent: -15px;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/05/historical-notes-on-clause-12-vacant.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Historical Notes on Clause 12: Vacant Sees</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #888888;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/historical-notes-on-clause-14.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Historical Notes on Clause 14: The Goods and Chattels of Felons on Church Lands</a></span><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/historical-notes-of-clause-15-breach-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Historical Notes of Clause 15: Breach of Faith -King's Justice or Church Court</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/historical-notes-on-clause-16.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Historical Notes on Clause 16: Requirement of Rustics to have their Lord's Consent</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/clauses-of-consitutuions-of-clarendon.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Clauses of the Constitutions of Clarendon Allowed/Tolerated or Condemned by the Pope.</span></a><br />
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="color: #888888;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/thomas-saga-customs-of-king-condemned.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Thomas Saga: Customs of the King Condemned By The Pope</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/10/clause-12-and-regalian-rights-of-kings.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Clause 12 and the Regalian Rights of the Kings of England</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/concordat-of-london-1107.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Concordat of London 1107 and Clause 12 of the Constitutions</span></a><br />
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></div>
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/rusticus-latin-countryman-rustic.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Rustics and Clause 16</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/clause-x-of-assizes-of-king-roger-ii.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Clause X of the Assizes of King Roger II (1130-54).</a>.</span><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/garnier-content-of-constitutions-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Garnier: Content of the Constitutions of Clarendon in Norman French.</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/comparing-preamble-to-magna-carta.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Comparing the Preamble to Magna Carta</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/imperium-in-imperio.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Imperium in imperio</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/henry-iis-decrees-against-pope-and.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Henry II's Decrees against the Pope and Becket, 1169</span></a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/the-british-magazine-1833-4-project-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The British Magazine (1833-4): Froude's Articles on Henry II's Plan to Unite Church and State</span></a><br />
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<b><br /></b><b>Ecclesiastical</b></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/on-origins-of-doctrine-of-papal.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">On the origins of the Doctrine of Papal Supremacy</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/conflict-of-investitures.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Conflict of Investitures</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/canonical-decretals-which-empower-pope.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Canonical Decretals which empower the Pope</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/07/dictatus-papae.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Dictatus Papae, A.D. 1075</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/07/papal-supremacy.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Papal Supremacy</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/papal-authority.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Papal Authority</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/libertas-ecclesiae.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Libertas Ecclesiae</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/canon-law-and-canonical-system.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Canon Law and The Canonical System</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/decretum-gratiani.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Decretum Gratiani</a></span><br />
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/william-of-canterbury-canonical-argument.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: -15px;">William of Canterbury - The Canonical Argument</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/donation-of-constantine.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Donation of Constantine</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/priveligium-fori-privilege-of-forum.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Priveligium Fori - "Privilege of the forum"</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/11/the-disputed-papal-election-of-1159.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Disputed Papal Election of 1159</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/clerics.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Clerics</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/excommunication.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Excommunication</a></span><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/interdict.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Interdict</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/suspension.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Suspension</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/sanctuary.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Sanctuary</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/simony.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Simony</a></span><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/06/obedience.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Obedience</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/08/appeals-to-rome.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Appeals to Rome</a></div>
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/canterbury-york-controversy.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Canterbury - York Controversy</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/07/the-lateran-councils-of-12th-century.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Lateran Councils of the 12th Century</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/the-two-swords.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Two Swords</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/sponsa-christi-bride-of-christ.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Sponsa Christi - The Bride of Christ</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/gelasian-theory-or-theory-of-two-swords.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Gelasian Theory or the Theory of the Two Swords</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/the-pallium-and-its-significance.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Pallium and its Significance</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/on-miracles-and-martyrdom.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">On Miracles and Martyrdom</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/medieval-cathedrals-of-england.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Medieval Cathedrals of England</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/st-augustines-abbey-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/abbots-and-mitred-abbots-priors.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Abbots and Mitred Abbots, Priors</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/kiss-of-peace-osculum-pacis.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Kiss of Peace (Osculum Pacis)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/hierarchy-and-realated-matters-within.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Hierarchy and Related Matters within the Roman Catholic Church</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/canons-and-prebendaries.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Canons and Prebendaries</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-ecclesiatical-divisions-of-france.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">The Ecclesiastical Divisions of France</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/10/henry-iis-reissue-of-decrees-of-council.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Henry II's Reissue of the Decrees of the Council of Lillebonne, 1080</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Legal</span></b></span></div>
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/from-bocland-to-feodum.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">From Bocland to Feodum, and the Great Semicolon in...</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/ordinance-establishing-spiritual-courts.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Ordinance Establishing Spiritual Courts in England.</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/04/written-versus-unwritten-law.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Written versus Unwritten Law</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/church-courts.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Ecclesiastical Courts</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/church-lands-made-baronies-under.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Church Lands Made Baronies Under William I</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/land-tenure.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Land Tenure</span></a></div>
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<div style="color: black;">
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/trial-by-battle.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Legal Procedure: Trial by Battle, Trial by Ordeal</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/punishment-by-mutilation.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Punishment by Mutilation</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/sir-matthew-hale.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Sir Matthew Hale: The history of the common law of England</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/on-advowsons.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">On Advowsons</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/frankalmoin.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Frankalmoin</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/lese-majeste.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Lèse Majesté</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/extract-fr-om-introduction-original.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Assize Utrum</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/civil-justice.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Civil Justice</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-kings-peace.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The King's Peace</a></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/07/garnier-on-custom.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: auto;">Garnier on Custom</a></div>
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<b>Constitutional</b></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/the-norman-anonymous-tract-on-christian.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Norman Anonymous Tract on Christian Kingship</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/the-kingship-of-england-and-conquest.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Kingship of England and the Conquest</a><br /><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/05/kingship.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Kingship</a><br /><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2019/03/oaths-and-oath-taking.html">Oaths and Oath-Taking</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/coronation-oaths-of-norman-and-angevin.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Coronation Oath</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/henry-is-charter-of-liberties.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry I's Charter of Liberties</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/the-second-or-oxford-charter-of.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">The Second or Oxford Charter of King Stephen (1136...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/coronation-charter-of-king-henry-ii.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Coronation Charter of King Henry II</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/magnum-concilium.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Magnum Concilium</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/anglo-saxon-kings-presumed-right-to.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Anglo-Saxon kings of England presumed right to appoint Bishops</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/the-powers-of-medieval-kings-of-england.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Powers of The Medieval Kings of England With Respect to the Church</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/great-officers-of-state-and-exchequer.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Great Officers of State and The Exchequer ca 1164</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/currency-in-england-at-time-of-henry-ii.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Currency in the time of Henry II</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/sheriff.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Sheriffs</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/pipe-rolls-and-other-records-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Pipe Rolls and Other Records of the Exchequer</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/peters-pence.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Peter's Pence</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/republic-of-ireland-statute-law.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Republic of Ireland Statute Law Revision Act, 2007</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/bribery.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Bribery</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/10/have-constitutions-of-clarendon-ever.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Have the Constitutions of Clarendon ever been repealed</a><span style="font-family: tahoma; font-size: xx-small;">?</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: 16px;">Feudal</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/feudal-system-degrees-of-nobility-and.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Feudal System: Degrees of Nobility and Baronage</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/homage-and-fealty.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Homage and Fealty</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/the-oath-of-salisbury-august-1086.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Oath of Salisbury August 1086</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/barons-baronies-and-bishops-regalia.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Barons, Baronies and Bishops' Regalia</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/barons-earls-and-other-secular-persons.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Barons, Earls and other secular persons present at Clarendon, January 1164</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/domesday-book-1086.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Domesday Book 1086</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/06/honour-of-saltwood.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Honour of Saltwood</a><br />
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2019/04/vills-and-villeins.html" target="_blank">Vills and Villeins</a></div>
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<b>Bibliography</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/biographies-of-becket.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Biographies of Becket</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/biographies-of-henry-ii.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Biographies of Henry II</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/bishops-at-time-of-becket.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Bishops at the time of Becket</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/the-rolls-series.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">The Rolls Series</a></div>
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/bnf-gallica-digital-library-references.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">BNF Gallica Digital Library References</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/bhl-bibliotheca-hagiographica-latina.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">BHL: Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/google-books-references.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Google Books References</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/works-of-ja-giles.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Works of J.A. Giles</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/works-of-lupus.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Works of Lupus</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/lives-in-patrilogiae-cursus-completus.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Lives in Patrilogiae Cursus Completus Tomus CXC</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/the-quadrilogus.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Quadrilogus</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/william-of-newburgh-books.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">William of Newburgh Books</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/text-materials-from-internet-archive.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">Text Materials from the Internet Archive</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/references-from-french-academic-journals.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue;">References from French or Belgian Academic Journals</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/tools-and-reference-web-sites.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial; text-decoration-line: none;">Tools and Reference Web Sites</a><span style="font-family: arial;"><u><br /></u></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-hours.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Canonical Hours</a></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/the-medieval-calendar.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: -15px;">The Medieval Calendar</a></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #888888; text-indent: -15px;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/chronicles.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Chronicles</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/chronicle-of-robert-of-torigni.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: -15px;">Chronicle of Robert of Torigni</a></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: #888888;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<b>Personages</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/anselm-of-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Anselm of Canterbury</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/richard-de-lucy.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Richard de Lucy</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/john-of-oxford.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">John of Oxford</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/john-of-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">John of Canterbury</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/10/richard-of-ilchester.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Richard of Ilchester</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/arnulf-of-lisieux.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Arnulf of Lisieux</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/philippe-abbe-de-laumone.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Philippe, abbé de l'Aumône</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/gilbert-foliot-bishop-of-london.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Gilbert Foliot, bishop of London</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/henry-of-blois-bishop-of-winchester.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/hilary-bishop-of-chichester.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Hilary, bishop of Chichester</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/peter-of-blois.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Peter of Blois</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/reginald-fitz-jocelin.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Reginald Fitz Jocelin</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/pope-alexander-iii.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Pope Alexander III</a><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/pope-alexander-iii.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Pope Alexander III</a> (b)</span><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/07/evernotelouis-vii-of-france-wikipedia.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Louis VII of France [Louis le Jeune]</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/catalogue-of-learned-men-in-court-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Catalogue of the Learned Men in the Court of the Archbishop</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/09/beckets-spy-ring.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Spy Ring</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/the-cardinals-of-holy-roman-church.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/roger-bishop-of-worcester-d-1179.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Roger, bishop of Worcester (d. 1179)</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/pont-leveque-roger-de-c11151181.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Pont l'Évêque, Roger de (c.1115–1181),</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/the-four-enemies-of-martyr.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Four Enemies of the Martyr</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/william-archbishop-of-sens.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">William, Archbishop of Sens</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/john-cumin.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">John Cumin</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/prior-odo-of-christ-church-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Prior Odo of Christ Church Canterbury</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/eleanor-of-aquitaine.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a><br />
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<b>Hagiographers</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-nature-of-hagiography.html" target="_blank">The Nature of Hagiography</a></span></span><br />
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/william-fitzstephen.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">William Fitzstephen</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/herbert-of-bosham.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Herbert of Bosham</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/guernes-de-pont-sainte-maxence-garnier.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence (Garnier)</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/john-of-salisbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">John of Salisbury</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/robert-of-cricklade.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert of Cricklade</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/william-of-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">William of Canterbury</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/benedict-of-peterborough.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Benedict of Peterborough</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/edward-grim.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Edward Grim</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/alan-of-tewkesbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Alan of Tewkesbury</a></span></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/william-of-newburgh.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">William of Newburgh</a></span></div>
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<b>Early Life of Becket</b><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/02/early-life-of-becket.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Early Life of Becket</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/01/merton-priory.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">St Mary's Priory, Merton Surrey</a></div>
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/02/beckets-early-life-according-to-garnier.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Becket's Early Life according to Garnier</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/02/beckets-early-life-according-to.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Becket's Early Life according to Thomas de Froidmont</a></div><div style="outline-style: none;"><br /></div>
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<b>Becket as Chancellor</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/archdeacon-of-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Archdeacon of Canterbury</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/battle-abbey-case-1157.html" style="color: #888888; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Battle Abbey Case (1157)</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/06/the-great-scutage-of-toulouse-1159.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">The Great Scutage of Toulouse, 1159</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/beckets-brief-military-career.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Brief Military Career, Toulouse Campaign, 1159.</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/william-fitzstephen-becket-as-chancellor.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">William Fitzstephen: Becket as Chancellor</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/the-manor-at-harrow.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Manor at Harrow</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/berkhamsted-castle.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Berkhamsted Castle</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/eye-castle.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Eye Castle</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/deanery-of-hastings.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Deanery of St. Mary's in Hastings Castle</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/provostship-of-church-of-beverley.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Provostship of the Church of Beverley</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/constable-of-tower-of-london-1162-70.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Wardenship of the Tower of London</a></div>
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<b style="font-size: 16px;">Election of Becket as Archbishop</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/election-of-thomas-becket-as-archbishop.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Election of Thomas Becket as Archbishop of Canterb...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/becket-election-as-archbishop-by-roger.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket' Election as Archbishop by Roger de Potigny...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/beckets-election-as-archbishop-by.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Election as Archbishop by Herbert of Bose...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/beckets-election-as-archbishop-by_24.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Election as Archbishop by Gervase of Cant...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/giles-election-of-thomas-becket-as.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Giles: Election of Thomas Becket as Archbishop</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/becket-election-as-archbishop-by-ralph.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Election as Archbishop by Ralph de Diceto.</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2016/05/garnier-fetching-beckets-pallium-from.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Garnier - Fetching Becket's Pallium from the Pope, July 1162</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/council-of-tours-1163.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Council of Tours 1163</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/01/beckets-itinerary.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Becket's Itinerary from his Consecration as Archbishop to the Council of Westminster</a></div>
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<b>Disputes up till Council of Westminster</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/beginning-of-troubles.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Beginning of Troubles</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/the-case-of-burgess-of-scarborough-ad.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Trial of the Dean of Scarborough, AD 1158</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/case-of-norman-criminous-cleric.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Case of a Norman Criminous Cleric</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/roger-of-wendover-events-leading-up-to.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Roger of Wendover: Events and Incidents leading up...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/clarembald.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Clarembald</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/the-first-signs-of-distance-between.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The First Signs of Distance between the King and S...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/isabelle-de-warrene.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Isabelle de Warrene</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/series-causae-inter-henricum-regem-et.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Series Causae inter Henricum regem et Thomam archi...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/ralph-de-diceto-de-controversiis-inter.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Ralph de Diceto: De controversiis inter regnum et ..</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/eynesford.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Dispute over the Advowson of St Martin's Church Ey...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/the-most-renowned-case-concerning.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The case of Philip de Brois , about July 1163</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/disputes-between-becket-and-king-henry.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Disputes between Becket and King Henry II which le...</a></div>
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<b>Council of Woodstock July 1163</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/council-of-woodstock-1st-july-1163.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Council of Woodstock 1st July 1163</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/edward-grim-woodstock-july-1163.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Edward Grim Woodstock July 1163</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/council-of-woodstock-in-norman-french.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Council of Woodstock in Norman French</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/woodstock-hunting-lodge-and-palace.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Woodstock Hunting Lodge, Palace and Manor</a></div>
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<b>Council of Westminster October 1163</b><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/01/translation-of-body-of-edward-confessor.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Translation of the Body of Edward the Confessor to its New Shrine, 13th Oct 1163</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/council-of-westminster.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Council of Westminster</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/05/herbert-of-bosham-council-of.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Herbert of Bosham: Council of Westminster, 1163</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/council-of-westminster-by-anonymous-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Council of Westminster by Anonymous of Lambeth</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/council-of-westminster-from-thomas-saga.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Council of Westminster from Thómas saga erkibyskup..</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/06/henry-of-houghton-beckets-envoy-to-pope.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry of Houghton, Becket's Envoy to the Pope, October to November 1163</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/council-of-westminster-from-thomas-saga.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">.</a></div>
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<b>The Council of Clarendon, January 1164</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/william-fitzstephen-on-council-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">William Fitzstephen on Council of Clarendon</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/garnier-on-council-of-clarendon.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Garnier: Council of Clarendon January 1164</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/10/council-of-clarendon-1164-according-to.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Herbert of Bosham on Council of Clarendon</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/roger-de-hoveden-council-of-clarendon.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Roger de Hoveden Council of Clarendon</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/how-archbishop-did-not-affix-his-seal.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">How the Archbishop did not Affix his Seal to the Constitutions</a></div>
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/11/thomas-saga-erkibyskups-council-of_4246.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Thomas Saga Erkibyskup: Council of Clarendon in Icelandic</a><br />
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-palace-of-clarendon.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Clarendon Palace</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-letter-etsi-pro-animi.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Letter - Etsi Pro Animi - 28th Feb 1164 Pope to Becket</a><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/from-council-of-clarendon-to-council-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><br />From Council of Clarendon to Council of Northamton 1164</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/03/beckets-attempt-to-meet-with-pope-in.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Attempt To Consult With The Pope, Summer 1164.</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/01/beckets-itinerary-from-end-of-council.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Becket's Itinerary from end of the Council of Westminster to the end of his trial at the Council of Northampton</a></div>
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<b>The State Trial of Becket at Northampton, October 1164</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/state-trials.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">State Trials</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/extract-from-patresecclesiae-anglicanae.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Council of Northampton in Latin by William FitzSte...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/council-of-northampton-october-1164-by.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Council of Northampton (William Fitz Stephen)</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/state-trial-of-thomas-becket-part-1.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">State Trial of Thomas Becket Part 1</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/john-marshall-v-thomas-becket-1164.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">John, the Marshall, v. Thomas A Becket 1164</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/state-trial-of-thomas-becket-part-21.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">State Trial of Thomas Becket Part 2.1</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/state-trial-of-thomas-becket-part-22.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">State Trial of Thomas Becket Part 2.2</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/state-trial-of-thomas-becket-part-23.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">State Trial of Thomas Becket Part 2.3</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/state-trial-of-thomas-becket-part-2x.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">State Trial of Thomas Becket Part 2.x</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/did-becket-perjure-himself.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Did Becket Perjure Himself?</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/troper.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Troper</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/northampton-castle.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Northampton Castle</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/st-andrews-priory-northampton.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">St. Andrew's Priory, Northampton</a></div>
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<b>Flight into Exile</b><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/04/garnier-beckets-flight-into-exile.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Garnier: Becket's Flight into Exile</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/flight-from-northampton-herbert-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Flight from Northampton (Herbert of Boseham)</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/flight-from-northhampton-beckets-escape.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Escape fom Northampton, and Flight into France (Ro...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/flight-from-northampton-lord-lyttleton.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Flight from Northampton (Lord Lyttleton)</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/flight-from-northampton-herbert-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Flight from Northampton (Herbert of Boseham - Lati...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/flight-from-northampton-roger-de.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Flight from Northampton (Roger de Hoveden -Latin )...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/flight-from-northampton-ja-giles.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Flight from Northampton - J.A. GIles</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Becket in Exile</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/translation-of-le-s-vies-latines.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The Latin Lives of Saint Thomas Becket and his Exile in France</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/babbage-in-exile-from-clairmarais-to.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Becket in Exile: From Clairmarais to Sens 1164</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/05/conferences-with-pope-alexander-at-sens.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Conferences with Pope Alexander III at Sens, late 1164</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/05/thomas-saga-pope-discusses.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Thomas Saga: The Pope Discusses Constitutions of Clarendon at Sens, 1164</a></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/thomas-saga-customs-of-king-condemned.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Thomas Saga: Customs of the King Condemned By The Pope</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -15px;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/hnery-iis-dealings-with-holy-roman.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry II's Dealings with the Holy Roman Empire</a></span><span style="color: #222222;"><br /><br /><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/excommunications-at-vezelay.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Excommunications at Vézelay</a> </span></span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/beckets-two-swords-sermon.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Two Swords Sermon</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/writ-of-henry-ii-addressed-to-sheriffs.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Writ of Henry II addressed to the sheriffs of Engl...</a></div>
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/11/gilbert-of-sempringham.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Gilbert of Sempringham</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/cistercians-pontigny-abbey-and-beckets.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Cistercians, Pontigny Abbey and Becket's Exile at ...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/letter-from-henry-ii-to-louis-of-france.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Letter from Henry II to Louis of France 1164</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/extract-from-hutton-1899-p.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Pope annuls the Northampton sentence</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/pope-alexander-receives-becket-and.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Pope Alexander receives Becket and condemns the Co...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/empress-mathildas-opinion-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Empress Mathilda's Opinion of The Constitutions</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/roger-de-potigny-meeting-of-king-and.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Roger de Potigny: Meeting of the king and the arch...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/roger-de-potigny-meeting-with-abbe-de.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Roger de Potigny: Meeting with Abbé de l'Aumone at...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/roger-de-potigny-meeting-with-arnulf.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Roger de Potigny: Meeting with Arnulf, bishop of L...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2012/09/beckets-desiderio-desideravi.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000ee; text-decoration-line: underline;">Becket's Letter: Desiderio desideravi</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/salvo-ordine-meo-saving-my-order.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Salvo Ordine Meo - Saving My Order</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/07/beckets-letter-to-king-henry-ii-1166.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Letter to King Henry II (1166): Loqui de ...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/07/beckets-letter-to-king-henry-ii-after.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Letter to King Henry II (After 12th June ...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/07/beckets-letter-to-king-henry-ii-late.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Letter to King Henry II (Late May to Earl...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/07/gilbert-foliots-letter-to-becket-summer.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Gilbert Foliot's letter to Becket (Summer 1166): M...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/07/letter-of-his-suffragan-bishops-to_8.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Letter of his Suffragan Bishops to the Thomas Beck..</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/roger-of-hovendon-henry-iis-decree-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Roger of Hoveden: Henry II's Decree of 1165</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/the-story-of-alleged-poisoning.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Story of an Alleged Poisoning</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/the-first-legatine-commission.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The First Legatine Commission, 1167-68</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/sources-for-becket-correspondence.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Sources for Becket Correspondence</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/becket-correspondence-relating-to-first.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket Correspondence relating to First Papal Legation - 1166</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/becket-correspondence-relating-to-first_24.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket Correspondence relating to First Papal Legation - 1167</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/becket-correspondence-relating-to-first.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket Correspondence relating to the First Papal Legation - 1168</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/the-outcome-of-first-papal-legation.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Outcome of the First Papal Legation: Becket's Suspension</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/the-letter-quanto-per-carissimum.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">The Letter Quanto per carissimum,</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/the-second-papal-commission1168-9.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Second Papal Commission,1168-9</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/conference-at-saint-leger-en-yvelines.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Conference at Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines, Feb 7 1169</a><br />
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2019/06/henry-iis-realpolitik-in-italy-ca-1169.html">Henry II's Machinations in Italy in 1169</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/vivian-and-gratian-papal-legates-1169.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Vivian and Gratian, Papal Legates, 1169</a></div>
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<span face="arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif" style="color: blue; text-indent: -15px;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/conference-at-montmirail-6th-jan-1169.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Conference at Montmirail 6th Jan 1169 - Salvo Honore Dei.</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/excommunications-at-clairvaux-april-may.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;">Excommunications at Clairvaux April-May 1169</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/conference-at-montmartre-18th-nov-1169.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Conference at Montmartre, 18th Nov 1169</a></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/coronation-of-young-king-henry-14th.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Coronation of the Young King Henry, 14th June 1170</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/08/letter-john-of-salisbury-to-becket.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Letter John of Salisbury to Becket, early July 1170</a></h3>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/settlement-of-freteval-july-22nd-1170.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Settlement of Fréteval, July 22nd 1170</a></h3>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/beckets-letter-to-pope-after-freteval.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's letter to the Pope after Frétéval on 22nd...</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/08/correspondence-following-agreement-of.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Correspondence following the Agreement of Frétéval, July 22nd 1170</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/05/from-freteval-jul-22nd-to-becket.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">From Fréteval Jul 22nd to Becket setting sail for England Nov 30th 1170</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/06/writ-of-henry-ii-announcing-his.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Writ of Henry II announcing his reconciliation with Becket, 15th October 1170</a></div>
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<b>Becket Return and Murder</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/beckets-return-to-england-1st-dec-1170.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Return to England, 1st Dec 1170</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/05/beckets-last-month-december-1170.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket's Last Month December 1170</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/01/mission-of-richard-prior-of-dover-to.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Mission of Richard, prior of Dover to the Young King, Dec 1170</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/01/winchester-palace-southwark-ca-13th-dec.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Winchester Palace, Southwark, ca 13th Dec 1170</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-manor-at-harrow.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Manor at Harrow</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/who-will-rid-me-of-this-turbulent-priest.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Who will rid me of this Turbulent Priest?</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/03/bur-le-roi.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Bur-le-Roi, Near Bayeaux</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/order-to-arrest-becket-december-1170.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Order to Arrest Becket, December 1170</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/12/letter-of-complaint-about-becket-king.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Letter of Complaint about Becket, King Henry II to Pope Alexander, December 1170</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-incident-of-horses-tail-december.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">The Incident of the Horse's Tail, December 1170</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/03/garnier-bishops-plot-december-1170.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Garnier: Christmastide 1170</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/11/some-references-to-beckets-murder-and.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Some References to Becket's Murder and the Murderers</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/03/john-of-salisbury-on-murder-of-becket.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">John of Salisbury on Murder of Becket</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/06/john-of-salisburys-letter-300-to-peter.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">John of Salisbury's Letter 300 to Peter, abbot of Celle, December 1170</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px;"><br />
<a href="http://fs2.american.edu/dfagel/www/MurderOFbecket.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Edward Grim’s Account of the Murder of Thomas Becket</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/11/edward-grim-eye-witness-to-martyrdom-of.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Edward Grim- Eye-Witness to the Martyrdom of Becket</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2016/06/edward-grim-murder-in-cathedral.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Edward Grim: Murder in the cathedral</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2016/06/william-fitzstephen-murder-in-cathedral.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">William Fitzstephen: Murder in the Cathedral</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2016/06/thomas-saga-erkibyskups-murder-in.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Thómas Saga Erkibyskups: Murder in the Cathedral</a></div>
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<b>Aftermath and Sainthood</b><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/12/immediate-aftermath-to-beckets-murder.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Immediate Aftermath to Becket's Murder</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/12/the-letter-of-william-archbishop-of.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: The Letter of William, archbishop of Sens, to pope Alexander, on the death of the blessed Thomas.</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/reconciliation-with-church-at-avranches.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry II's Reconciliation with the Church at Avranches, 1172</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/gaudendum-est-universitati.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Gaudendum est universitati</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/henry-iis-penance-at-tomb-of-st-thomas.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry II's Penance at the Tomb of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, 12th July 1174</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/henry-iis-concessions-1176.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry II's Concessions to the Church, 1176</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/pope-alexendar-iiis-at-si-clerici-ca.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Pope Alexander III's "At Si Clerici" (ca 1178)</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/magna-carta-1215-and-1225-chapter-1.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Magna Carta (1215 and 1225) - Chapters 1 (and 63): The Freedom of the English Church</a><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/11/translation-of-relics-of-stthomas.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Translation of the Relics of St.Thomas Becket 7th July 1220</a><br />
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<b>Reformation in 16th Century</b><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/henry-viiis-proclamation-1538.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry VIII's Proclamation, 1538: The Unsainting of Thomas Becket ..</a></div>
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<b>Maps</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/08/maps-of-france.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Maps of France</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-normandy.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Normandy</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-anjou.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Anjou</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-poictou.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Poitou</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-britanny.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Britanny</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-maine-france.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Maine (France)</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-auvergne.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Auvergne</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-isle-de-france.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Isle de France</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-duchy-of-aquitaine-and-gascony.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Duchy of Aquitaine [and Gascony]</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-duchy-of-berry.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of the Duchy of Berry</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-vexin.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of the Vexin</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-comte-de-toulouse.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map Comté de Toulouse</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-angoumois.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Angoumois</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/maps-of-la-perche-and-blois.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Maps of La Perche and Blois</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-limousin-limoges.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Limousin - Limoges, and La Marche</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-comte-de-hainaut.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Comté de Hainaut</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-flanders.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Flanders</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-provence.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Provence</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-comte-de-perigord.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Comte de Perigord</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-touraine.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Touraine</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-champagne-and-brie.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Champagne and Brie</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-comte-de-boulogne.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of the Comte de Boulogne</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-artois.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Artois</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/some-maps.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Some Maps: Gravelines, St. Omer and Clarmarais</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/birds-eye-view-of-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Birds Eye View of Canterbury</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/plan-de-la-ville-et-des-faubourgs-de.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Plan de la ville et des faubourgs de Sens</a></div>
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<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/09/map-of-holy-roman-empire.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Map of Holy Roman Empire</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/08/the-ecclesiatical-divisions-of-france.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Ecclesiastical Divisions of France</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/09/angevin-empire.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">Angevin Empire</span></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/05/south-english-legendary.html" style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;">South-English Legendary</a></div>
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<li style="background: none; border-width: 0px; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/09/becket-as-chancellor-second-after-king.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Becket as Chancellor, "Second after the King".</a><ul style="border-width: 0px; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="background: none; border-width: 0px; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/11/seal-of-thomas-becket-as-archbishop.html" style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;">Seal of Thomas Becket as Archbishop</a></li>
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<li style="background: none; border-width: 0px; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/08/investiture-controversy-canons-of-pope.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Investiture Controversy: Canons of Pope Urban II</a></li>
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</ul>
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<br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/09/st-thomas-becket-and-magic-stone.html">St. Thomas Becket and the Magic Stone</a> <br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/06/plot-to-murder-becket.html">Plot To Murder Becket, October 1164</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/06/john-of-salisbury-blames-satan.html">John of Salisbury Blames Satan</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-becket-conflict.html">The Becket Conflict</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/06/equivalence-of-rank-secular-postions.html">Equivalence of Rank - Secular Positions with Ecclesiastical Dignity</a> <br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/11/depictions-of-life-of-st-thomas-becket.html">Depictions of the Life of St. Thomas Becket in the...</a> </div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/11/herbert-of-bosham-state-trial-of-becket.html">Herbert of Bosham: State Trial of Becket at Northampton</a></div>
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<b>Guernes Pont de St. Maxence</b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/12/garnier-chapter-list.html" target="_blank">Garnier Life of St. Thomas Becket Chapter List</a><br />
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<b>Miscellaneous</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/on-history.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">On History</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/08/beckets-personality.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Becket's Personality</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/10/ira-regis-kings-anger.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Ira Regis- The King's Anger</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/irresistible-force-paradox.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Irresistible Force Paradox</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/plays-and-dramas.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Plays and Dramas</span></a></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/the-owl-and-nightingale.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Owl and the Nightingale</span></a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/the-cult-of-thomas-becket.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">The Cult of Thomas Becket</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-martydom-painting.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Martydom Painting</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/04/gaudendum-est-universitati.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Gaudendum est universitati</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/thomas-beckets-archbishop-of-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Thomas Becket's, Archbishop of Canterbury, Coat of Arms</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/falconry-and-hawking.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Falconry and Hawking</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/horses-in-middle-ages.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Horses in the Middle Ages</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/medieval-boats-skiffs-and-ships.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Medieval Boats, Skiffs and Ships</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/roads.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Medieval Roads</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/castles-in-time-of-henry-ii.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Castles in the Time of Henry II</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/the-cinque-ports.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Cinque Ports</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/09/sandwich-kent.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Sandwich, Kent</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/becket-window.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket Window In Canterbury Cathedral</a></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/another-stained-glass-window-from.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Another Stained Glass Window from Canterbury Cathedral.</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/wooden-carving-of-becket-in-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Wooden Carving of Becket in Canterbury Cathedral</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/canterbury-cathedral-henry-fourth-tomb.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Canterbury Cathedral: Tomb of Henry IV - Martyrdom of Thomas Becket</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/the-martydom-painting.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Martydom Painting</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/st-thomas-archbishop-alcobaca-monastery.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">St Thomas Archbishop, Alcobaca Monastery Portugal</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/mosaic-of-st-thomas-monreale-sicily.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Mosaic of St. Thomas Monreale Sicily</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/the-baptismal-font-at-lyngsjo-church-in.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Baptismal Font at Lyngsjö Church in Skåne, Swe</a>den<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/the-baptismal-font-at-lyngsjo-church-in.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">...</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/romanesque-or-norman-architecture.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Romanesque or Norman Architecture</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/the-becket-leaves.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Becket Leaves</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/crown-wearing-ceremonies.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">Crown Wearing Ceremonies</a><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/pilgrims-medallion.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket Pilgrim Medallions and Badges</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/seal-of-city-of-london-1190.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">Seal of the City of London</a></div>
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/ritual-behaviour-and-symbolic.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Ritual, Behaviour and Symbolic Communication</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/becket-and-templars.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket and the Templars</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/inquest-of-sheriffs-1170.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Inquest of Sheriffs, 1170</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-medieval-calendar.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">The Medieval Calendar</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/04/canonical-hours.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;">Canonical Hours</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/05/forgeries.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Forgery</a><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2014/05/saint-thomas-library-canterbury.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: tahoma; text-decoration-line: none;">Saint Thomas' Library Canterbury</a><br />
<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-antichrist-or-satan.html" style="color: #33aaff; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: -15px;">The Antichrist and/or Satan</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/pilgrimage.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Pilgrimage to Canterbury</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/salerna-of-ifield-miracle-story.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Salerna of Ifield Miracle Story</a><br />
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/04/miracle-story-mad-matilda-of-cologne.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Miracle Story: Mad Matilda of Cologne</a><br />
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/05/the-miracle-cure-of-blind-eilward.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">The Miracle Cure of Blind Eilward</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/the-legend-of-beckets-mother-as.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Legend of Becket's Mother as the Daughter of a Saracen Emir</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/reliquary-chasses-of-st-thomas-becket.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Reliquaries/Châsses of St. Thomas Becket</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/becket-images.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Becket Images</a></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/beckets-letter-to-pope-after-freteval.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">.</a></span></span></div>
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<b>Others</b></div>
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/03/the-idea-of-church-as-divinely-ordained.html">The idea of the Church as a divinely ordained living organism, or 'Body of Christ'</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/03/john-of-salisburys-theory-of-kingship.html">Some Notes on John of Salisbury's Theory of Kingship as outlined in Policraticus Book IV</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/03/kingship-defined-in-bible.html">Kingship defined in the Old Testatment in the Bible</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/03/pope-alexander-iiis-letter-to-thomas.html">Pope Alexander III's Letter to Thomas Becket confirming Primacy of Canterbury</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/03/king-henry-iis-letter-to-reginald-of.html">King Henry II's Letter to Reginald of Cologne [Rainald of Dassel]</a><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/09/english-law-glanvill-on-unwritten-laws.html">English Law: Glanvill on Unwritten Laws and Custom...</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/10/letter-queen-alix-of-france-to-pope.html">Letter Queen Alice of France to Pope Alexander III...</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-broad-sweep-of-history.html">The Broad Sweep of History</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/07/beckets-mission-to-king-of-france.html">Becket's Mission to the King of France</a><br />
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/07/henry-ii-as-described-by-gerald-of.html" target="_blank">Henry II as described by Gerald of Wales, 1172</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-73430594861879458722021-07-03T07:17:00.111+01:002021-07-06T12:56:11.010+01:00British Museum Exhibition 2021: Thomas Becket: murder and the making of a saint<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" 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src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script>The 29th December 2020 was the 850th anniversary of the murder of Becket. The British Museum created an exhibition to commemorate the event.<div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/thomas-becket-murder-and-making-saint?_gl=1*leor96*_gcl_aw*R0NMLjE2MjUyMTY5NzUuQ2owS0NRanc4dnFHQmhDX0FSSXNBRE1TZDFBQ0czNmZ1X2lOVUp1X1VibGJPTWRGTzlQWHRjZ1ZuTXhFenZocTMwUGlTVXFPbnR1QWRDVWFBdkFlRUFMd193Y0I.*_ga*NjU2NzAzOTU0LjE2MjI2MTUzMjY.*_ga_08TLB9R8X1*MTYyNTMwMDI1NC41LjEuMTYyNTMwMDI4NC4w">Thomas Becket: murder and the making of a saint - British Museum</a><br /><br /><a href="https://medievalartresearch.com/2021/04/26/exhibition-thomas-becket-murder-and-the-making-of-a-saint-british-museum-20th-may-2021-22nd-aug-2021/">Exhibition: Thomas Becket – Murder and the Making of a Saint, British Museum, 20th May 2021 – 22nd Aug 2021 – Medieval Art Research</a></div><div><br /><a href="https://the-past.com/feature/thomas-becket-canterbury-tales/" target="_blank">Thomas Becket: Canterbury Tales | The Past</a></div><div><br /><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/may/13/spectacular-gorefest-thomas-becket-and-the-making-of-a-saint-review">A spectacular gorefest – Thomas Becket: Murder and the Making of a Saint review | Art | The Guardian</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.apollo-magazine.com/thomas-becket-murder-and-the-making-of-a-saint/">Thomas Becket: Murder and the Making of a Saint | Apollo Magazine</a></div><div><br /><a href="https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/thomas-becket-murder-and-the-making-of-a-saint-review-british-museum-london">Thomas Becket: Murder and the Making of a Saint</a> - Studio International</div><div><br /><a href="https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/42284">Exhibition: Thomas Becket: Murder and the Making of a Saint | ICN</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.medieval.eu/thomas-becket-murder-and-the-making-of-a-saint/">Thomas Becket: murder and the making of a saint — Medieval Histories</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.medieval.eu/thomas-becket-major-exhibition/">Thomas Becket - Major Exhibition — Medieval Histories</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.medieval.eu/becket-life-death-and-legacy/">Becket – Life, Death, and Legacy — Medieval Histories</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2021/11-june/books-arts/visual-arts/exhibition-review-thomas-becket-murder-and-the-making-of-a-saint-at-the-british-museum">Exhibition review: Thomas Becket: Murder and the Making of a Saint at the British Museum</a><br /><br /><a href="https://mouseion.org.uk/2021/05/19/becket-wide/">Becket wide – Mouseion</a> <a class="menu-link" href="https://mouseion.org.uk/"><span class="menu-text">Thomas a Becket</span><span class="sub-arrow"></span></a><br /><br /></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Catalogue</b><br /><br />Lloyd de Beer; Naomi Speakman (April 2021). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5cQczgEACAAJ">Thomas Becket: Murder and the Making of a Saint</a>. British Museum Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2838-2">978-0-7141-2838-2</a>.<br /><br /><b>British Museum Blog</b><br /><br /><a href="https://blog.britishmuseum.org/thomas-becket-the-murder-that-shook-the-middle-ages/">Thomas Becket: the murder that shook the Middle Ages - British Museum Blog</a><br /><br /><a href="https://blog.britishmuseum.org/who-killed-thomas-becket/">Who killed Thomas Becket? - British Museum Blog</a><br /><br /><a href="https://blog.britishmuseum.org/thomas-becket-and-magna-carta/">Thomas Becket and Magna Carta - British Museum Blog</a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2021/05/becket-exhibition.html">Thomas Becket: manuscripts showing the making of a saint - Medieval manuscripts blog</a><br /><br /><b>YouTube Videos</b><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5n1z3n7SD6I">Sneak Preview! Thomas Becket: Murder & Making of a Saint, at the British Museum - YouTube</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjxSEDHV7dU">Thomas Becket at The British Museum - YouTube</a><br /><div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-toggle-button-renderer aria-label="Add to queue" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" pressed="" role="button" tabindex="-1" top-right-overlay="true" use-expandable-tooltip=""><tp-yt-paper-tooltip animation-delay="0" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-toggle-button-renderer" id="tooltip" offset="0" role="tooltip" style="--paper-tooltip-delay-in: 0ms;" tabindex="-1">
</tp-yt-paper-tooltip></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-toggle-button-renderer></div><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAN9MqPsGcA" target="_blank">British Museum Tours: Tour of the Exhibition - YouTube</a></div><div><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iCDF7sRFr4">Curators' introduction Thomas Becket: murder and the making of a saint - YouTube</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VWHJq8K24k">Exhibition Review – Thomas Becket: murder and the making of a saint at the British Museum - YouTube</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDqHKQ3txJg" target="_blank">Pilgrimage and its enduring Power</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3G6bv4G127E">Becket: charismatic cathedral and sacred storytelling - YouTube</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJw7bHzEBLQ">Re-interpreting the Becket Miracle Windows from Canterbury Cathedral - YouTube</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cDjaRHz0UI">Thomas Becket and London - YouTube</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://youtu.be/3E9dotBTu2c">The construction and destruction of a saint: Thomas Becket - YouTube</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sV0PvOZPI8">Becket Exhibition May 2021 - YouTube</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfS5I8ZMqEM">The martyrdom of St Thomas Becket, 29 Dec 1170 (Edward Grim) - YouTube</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjxSEDHV7dU">Thomas Becket at The British Museum - YouTube</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5HuceXJVI4">MURDER IN THE CATHEDRAL | The Death of Thomas Becket | Dr Emma J. Wells #Becket2020 #StayHome - YouTube</a></div><div><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCuiy71dRj8">The HORRIFIC Murder Of Thomas Becket - Archbishop Of Canterbury - YouTube</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j45pNEs2gNc">In Our Time: S20/13 Thomas Becket (Dec 14 2017) - YouTube</a></div><div><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/the-baptismal-font-at-lyngsjo-church-in.html" target="_blank">The Baptismal Font at Lyngsjö Church in Skåne, Sweden</a></div><div><br /><a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/wzqwXSGmsYJKYvfW8">https://photos.app.goo.gl/wzqwXSGmsYJKYvfW8</a></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedal_Stave_Church#/media/File:Hedal_skrin.jpg">Hedal skrin - Hedal Stave Church - Wikipedia</a><br /><a href="https://arkiv.hedalen.no/OPPSLAG/2013/november/16/index.htm">Hedalen.no</a></div><div><br />Pilgrim Badges and Miscellania in British Museum<br /><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?agent=St%20Thomas%20Becket,%20Archbishop%20of%20Canterbury">Collection search - British Museum</a> p.1<br /><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?agent=St%20Thomas%20Becket,%20Archbishop%20of%20Canterbury&view=grid&sort=object_name__asc&page=2#page-top">Collection search | British Museum</a> p. 2<br /><br /><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1890-1002-1" target="_blank">badge-mould - British Museum</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1890-0809-1">panel - British Museum</a><br /><br /><b>Reconstruction of Becket's Shrine<br /></b><br /><ol class="downloadCitList search-results" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 29px; position: relative;"><li style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><article class="searchResultItem" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div class="pub-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="authors" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sarah Blick</span> <span class="date" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2003)</span> <span class="art_title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 5px; word-break: break-word;">Reconstructing the Shrine of St. Thomas Becket, Canterbury Cathedral,</span> <span class="serial_title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Konsthistorisk tidskrift/Journal of Art History,</span> <span class="volume_issue" style="box-sizing: border-box;">72:4,</span> <span class="page_range" style="box-sizing: border-box;">256-286,</span> <span class="doi_link" style="box-sizing: border-box;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00233600310019327" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;">10.1080/00233600310019327</a><br /><br /><span class="authors" style="box-sizing: border-box;">John Jenkins</span> <span class="date" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2020)</span> <span class="art_title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 5px; word-break: break-word;">Modelling the Cult of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral,</span> <span class="serial_title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Journal of the British Archaeological Association,</span> <span class="volume_issue" style="box-sizing: border-box;">173:1,</span> <span class="page_range" style="box-sizing: border-box;">100-123,</span> <span class="doi_link" style="box-sizing: border-box;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00681288.2020.1771897" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;">10.1080/00681288.2020.1771897</a></span></span></div></article></li><li style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div><br /><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-digitally-reconstruct-thomas-beckets-lost-canterbury-cathedral-shrine-180975280/">Researchers Digitally Reconstruct Thomas Becket's Razed Canterbury Cathedral Shrine | Smart News | Smithsonian Magazine</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klcUJNix5UQ" style="background-color: transparent;">SCA Lecture: Dr John Jenkins- Reconstructing Thomas Becket's Medieval Shrine at Canterbury Cathedral - YouTube</a></div></li></ol></div><div><a href="https://youtu.be/r-t7M9A3R24" target="_blank">The Tomb of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral, c.1408</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://youtu.be/r-t7M9A3R24" target="_blank">The Tomb of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral, c.1408</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eYsnZGcKQs">The Trinity Chapel at Canterbury Cathedral, c.1408 - YouTube</a><br /><br />Hampson, Louise. "Remembrance of Things Past: Recreating the Lost World of Medieval Pilgrimage to St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury and the Use of Digital Media in Public Access." Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture 6, 2 (2017): 65-71. <a href="https://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal/vol6/iss2/8">https://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal/vol6/iss2/8</a><br /><br /><b>Images</b><br /><br /><a href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O80222/the-becket-casket-casket-unknown/">The Becket Casket | Unknown | V&A Explore The Collections</a><br /><br /><a href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O69836/consecration-of-st-thomas-becket-panel-unknown/">Consecration of St Thomas Becket as archbishop | Unknown | V&A Explore The Collections</a><br /><br />Relikskrin Trönö Sweden - Google Search <a href="https://bit.ly/3At5ucW">https://bit.ly/3At5ucW</a><br /><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/becket-images.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Becket Images</a><br /><br /></div><div><b>The Tombs of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II at Fontevraud Abbey</b><br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey">Fontevraud Abbey - Wikipedia</a><br /><br /><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_Notre-Dame_de_Fontevraud">Abbaye Notre-Dame de Fontevraud — Wikipédia</a><br /><br /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fontevraud06.jpg">File:Fontevraud06.jpg - Wikimedia Commons</a><br /><br /><a href="https://thegoodlifefrance.com/the-magnificent-abbey-fontevraud-in-the-loire/">The magnificent Abbey Fontevraud in the Loire</a><br /><br /><b>Canterbury Cathedral<br /><br /></b><a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NgvPHsgLz70C/page/n77/mode/1up" target="_blank">Monasticon Anglicanum - Internet Archive</a> p. 77-<br /><br /><a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NgvPHsgLz70C/page/n90/mode/1up" target="_blank">Monasticon Anglicanum - Becket's Shrine - Internet Archive</a><br /><br /><a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NgvPHsgLz70C/page/n78/mode/1up" target="_blank">Monasticon Anglicanum - Plan Canterbury Cathedral - Internet Archive</a></div><div><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadwine_Psalter">Eadwine Psalter - Wikipedia</a><br /><br /><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Eadwine_psalter_-_Waterworks_in_Canterbury.jpg">Eadwine_psalter_-_Waterworks_in_Canterbury.jpg (1200×1682)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/heritage/archives/picture-this/ideological-associations-and-henry-ivs-tomb-the-first-lancastrian-kings-connection-to-thomas-becket/">Ideological Associations and Henry IV’s Tomb: the first Lancastrian King’s connection to Thomas Becket - Canterbury Cathedral</a><br /><br /><br /><b>Photos</b><br /><br /><a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/nGgPXKy2Jrnmg6zz5" target="_blank">Thomas Becket: Murder and the Making of a Saint - British Museum Exhibition</a><br /><br /><a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/8WbVAmawYB3SuBZZ7">https://photos.app.goo.gl/8WbVAmawYB3SuBZZ7</a><br /><br /></div><div><b>References</b><br /><br />John (of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres); John of Salisbury (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5LZAAAAMAAJ">Anselm & Becket: Two Canterbury Saints' Lives</a>. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-298-7">978-0-88844-298-7</a>.<br /><br />Paul Binski (2004). <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Becket's Crown: Art and Imagination in Gothic England, 1170-1300</a>. Yale University Press for The Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art. <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">ISBN</a> <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">978-0-300-10509-4</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologiacant04kent/page/209/mode/1up">Archaeologia cantiana : Kent Archaeological Society - Internet Archive</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Becket_window_in_Chartres_Cathedral">Saint Thomas Becket window in Chartres Cathedral - Wikipedia</a><br /><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/11/william-of-canterbury.html" target="_blank">Constitutions of Clarendon: William of Canterbury</a><br /><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2012/11/benedict-of-peterborough.html" target="_blank">Constitutions of Clarendon: Benedict of Peterborough</a><br /><br />William of Canterbury and Benedict of Peterborough: the manuscripts, date and context of the Becket miracle collections Author: Nicholas Vincent<br /><a href="https://doi.org/10.1484/M.HAG-EB.1.101043">https://doi.org/10.1484/M.HAG-EB.1.101043</a></div><div><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">Koopmans, Rachel. “Visions, Reliquaries, and the Image of ‘Becket’s Shrine’ in the Miracle Windows of Canterbury Cathedral.” </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">Gesta</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, vol. 54, no. 1, 2015, pp. 37–57. </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">JSTOR</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/679400">www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/679400</a>.</span></div><div><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;"><a href="https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/relics/The-Butler-Hours.php">The Butler Hours - Treasures of Heaven</a></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></span></div><ol class="downloadCitList search-results" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 29px; position: relative;"><li style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><article class="searchResultItem" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1em; overflow: hidden;"><div class="pub-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="authors" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rachel Koopmans</span> <span class="date" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2016)</span> <span class="art_title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 5px; word-break: break-word;">‘Water mixed with the blood of Thomas’: contact relic manufacture pictured in Canterbury Cathedral’s stained glass,</span> <span class="serial_title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Journal of Medieval History,</span> <span class="volume_issue" style="box-sizing: border-box;">42:5,</span> <span class="page_range" style="box-sizing: border-box;">535-558,</span> <span class="doi_link" style="box-sizing: border-box;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2016.1222503" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;">10.1080/03044181.2016.1222503</a></span></div></article></li><br />Rachel Koopmans (29 November 2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_gHYAfpp9IC">Wonderful to Relate: Miracle Stories and Miracle Collecting in High Medieval England</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-0699-1">0-8122-0699-1</a>.<br /><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">Koopmans, Rachel. </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">Wonderful to Relate: Miracle Stories and Miracle Collecting in High Medieval England</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">JSTOR</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj625">www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj625</a>.<br /><br /><span class="authors" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;">Rachel Koopmans</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;"> </span><span class="date" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;">(2020)</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;"> </span><span class="art_title" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px 0px 5px; word-break: break-word;">Gifts of Thomas Becket’s Clothing Made by the Monks of Canterbury Cathedral,</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;"> </span><span class="serial_title" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;">Journal of the British Archaeological Association,</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;"> </span><span class="volume_issue" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;">173:1,</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;"> </span><span class="page_range" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;">39-60,</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;"> </span><span class="doi_link" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; letter-spacing: normal;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00681288.2020.1784551" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;">10.1080/00681288.2020.1784551</a></span><br /></span><br />Visions, Reliquaries, and the Image of “Becket’s Shrine” in the Miracle Windows of Canterbury Cathedral | Gesta: Vol 54, No 1 <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/679400</a><ol class="downloadCitList search-results" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 29px; position: relative;"><br /><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">STAUNTON, MICHAEL. “The Lives of Thomas Becket and the Church of Canterbury.” </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">Cathedrals, Communities and Conflict in the Anglo-Norman World</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, edited by PAUL DALTON et al., vol. 38, Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY, 2011, pp. 169–186. </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">JSTOR</i><span style="background-color: white;"><span face="GT America Standard, Helvetica, Helvetica Neue, Arial, Segoe UI, Roboto, Droid Sans, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, </span></span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81q16.16" style="font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81q16.16</a><span face="GT America Standard, Helvetica, Helvetica Neue, Arial, Segoe UI, Roboto, Droid Sans, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.32px;">.</span></span><br /><br /><a href="https://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Canterbury/table.htm" style="font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">Canterbury cathedral All the medieval stained glass</a><span face="GT America Standard, Helvetica, Helvetica Neue, Arial, Segoe UI, Roboto, Droid Sans, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.32px;"> The Rose Window</span></span><br /><br /><a href="https://www.kentonline.co.uk/canterbury/news/cathedrals-stained-glass-window-to-be-centrepiece-in-uk-exhibition-241377/" style="font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">Stained glass window from Canterbury Cathedral to be centrepiece for UK exhibition on Thomas Becket at the British Museum</a><span face="GT America Standard, Helvetica, Helvetica Neue, Arial, Segoe UI, Roboto, Droid Sans, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.32px;"> </span></span><br /><span face="GT America Standard, Helvetica, Helvetica Neue, Arial, Segoe UI, Roboto, Droid Sans, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.32px;"><a href="https://bit.ly/2SJiM43">https://bit.ly/2SJiM43</a></span></span><br /><br /><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">Blick, Sarah, editor. “King and Cleric: Richard II and the Iconography of St Thomas Becket and St Edward the Confessor at Our Lady of Undercroft, Canterbury Cathedral.” </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">Beyond Pilgrim Souvenirs and Secular Badges: Essays in Honour of Brian Spencer</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2007, pp. 182–200. </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">JSTOR</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cd0px1.19">www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cd0px1.19</a>.<br /><br /></span></span>Sarah Blick (8 July 2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkGHDwAAQBAJ">Beyond Pilgrim Souvenirs and Secular Badges: Essays in Honour of Brian Spencer</a>. Oxbow Books, Limited. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-459-8">978-1-78297-459-8</a>.<br /><br />Blick, Sarah. (2007). Beyond Pilgrim Souvenirs and Secular Badges: Essays in Honour of Brian Spencer. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298995756_Beyond_Pilgrim_Souvenirs_and_Secular_Badges_Essays_in_Honour_of_Brian_Spencer">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298995756_Beyond_Pilgrim_Souvenirs_and_Secular_Badges_Essays_in_Honour_of_Brian_Spencer</a><br /><br />Brian Spencer (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iW4oQgAACAAJ">Pilgrim Souvenirs and Secular Badges</a>. Boydell Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-544-8">978-1-84383-544-8</a>.<br /><br />Paul Webster (Medievalist); Marie-Pierre Gelin (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5DgDQAAQBAJ">The Cult of St Thomas Becket in the Plantagenet World, C.1170-c.1220</a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-161-0">978-1-78327-161-0</a>.<br /><br />Kay Brainerd Slocum (26 October 2018). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_l0DwAAQBAJ">The Cult of Thomas Becket: History and Historiography through Eight Centuries</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59338-0">978-1-351-59338-0</a>.<br /><br />Gareth Atkins (25 August 2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12y5DwAAQBAJ">Making and remaking saints in nineteenth-century Britain</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0023-8">978-1-5261-0023-8</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/w18-whole.htm">Chartres Cathedral complete medieval stained glass</a> Window 18: Thomas Becket<br /><br />JENKINS, JOHN. (2020). St Thomas Becket and Medieval London. History. 105. 652-672. 10.1111/1468-229X.13030. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-229X.13030">[PDF] wiley.com</a><br /><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-229X.13030">St Thomas Becket and Medieval London</a><br />Frank Reynolds; Donald Capps (1976). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-v5NtXatL8C&pg=PA153">The Biographical Process: Studies in the History and Psychology of Religion</a>. Chapter 6 - Victor Turner: Religious Paradigms and Political Action: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 153–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7522-5">978-90-279-7522-5</a>.<br /><br />Chaucer Ellesmere Tales Stock Photos & Chaucer Ellesmere Tales Stock Images - Alamy <a href="https://bit.ly/3xeHCb2">https://bit.ly/3xeHCb2</a></ol><li><a href="https://blogs.getty.edu/iris/the-miracles-at-canterbury/">The Miracles at Canterbury - Getty Iris</a><br /><br /><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/09/reliquary-chasses-of-st-thomas-becket.html">Reliquaries/Châsses of St. Thomas Becket</a><br /><br /><a href="https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/relics/Reliquary-Chasse-with-Scenes-of-the-Martyrdom-of-Thomas-Becket-99.php">Reliquary Chasse with Scenes of the Martyrdom of Thomas Becket - Treasures of Heaven</a><br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211044914im_/http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/canterbury/images/reliquary.jpg">reliquary.jpg (600×513)</a><br /><br /><a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/210598967.pdf" target="_blank">Elizabeth Hasseler: TRANSLATION, CANONIZATION, AND THE CULT OF THE SAINTS IN ENGLAND, 1160-1220</a><br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquaries_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket">Reliquaries of Saint Thomas Becket - Wikipedia</a><br /><br /><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/09/reliquary-chasses-of-st-thomas-becket.html" target="_blank">Reliquaries/Châsses of St. Thomas Becket</a><br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral - Wikipedia</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/shrines/Canterbury/">Canterbury Cathedral - Treasures of Heaven</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Actes Du Colloque International de Sedieres</a>. Editions Beauchesne. pp. 233–.</li><li><br />Christopher Harper-Bill; Nicholas Vincent (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_Ong1PZq_QC">Henry II: New Interpretations</a>. Boydell Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-340-6">978-1-84383-340-6</a>.<br /><br />S. D. Church (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vAoGEJF-DJEC">King John: New Interpretations</a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-947-8">978-0-85115-947-8</a>.</li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/relics/Plaque-from-a-Reliquary-Chasse.php">Plaque from a Reliquary Chasse - Treasures of Heaven</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysteinn_Erlendsson">Eysteinn Erlendsson - Wikipedia</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/M.IMR-EB.3.3407">The English Exile of Archbishop Øystein of Nidaros (1180–83) | Exile in the Middle Ages</a></li></ol><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;"><a href="https://www.medieval.eu/was-thomas-becket-a-controversial-saint/">Was Thomas Becket a Controversial Saint in Scandinavia? — Medieval Histories</a><br /><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.medieval.eu/thomas-becket-major-exhibition/">Thomas Becket - Major Exhibition — Medieval Histories</a></div><div><br />Google Image Search<br /><a href="https://bit.ly/3Amhtci" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3Amhtci</a><br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_alabaster">Nottingham alabaster - Wikipedia</a><br /><br /></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-75490341216542959462019-06-03T12:23:00.003+01:002019-06-06T05:05:48.152+01:00Henry II's Machinations in Italy, ca. 1169 An extract from<br />
<br />
Chronica magistri Rogeri de Houedene, Volume II<br />
by Roger, of Hoveden,<br />
Editor and introduction by Stubbs, William<br />
<a href="http://bit.ly/2IfSLjF">http://bit.ly/2IfSLjF</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://bit.ly/2IdD8cD">http://bit.ly/2IdD8cD</a><br />
Roger of Hoveden. Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene Volume II:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xci –. ISBN 978-1-108-04882-8.<br />
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...<br />
The precise transaction which placed Henry II. in direct political contact with Italy was, as in the case of Germany, the Becket quarrel. In the year 1169 he offered the cities of the Lombard League a large sum of money for their fortifications, and proposed a marriage with one of his daughters to the young king of Sicily, if they would use their influence to procure the deposition or translation of the archbishop [Becket]. Italian affairs had, however, long before this been an object of interest in England. The Norman conquest of Apulia occupied a place in the common histories hardly less important than the Crusades; many Englishmen, such as Robert of Salisbury, the chancellor of Sicily, Herbert of Middlesex, the bishop of Cosenza, and Richard archbishop of Syracuse, had sought and obtained high preferment in the south. English physicians studied like Athelards at Salerno, English canonists like S. Thomas himself at Bologna. Rome had been a kind Alma Mater to Nicolas Breakspere and Robert Pullanus. From North Italy had come to England Lanfranc and the two Anselms; from the court of king Roger, Thomas le Brun, the minister of the English exchequer. Peter of Blois was the intimate friend of both Henry II. and William the Good [of Sicily]. The constant missions to and from Rome had made Italians and Englishmen pretty well acquainted. Henry's political exigencies, however, brought them still nearer. William the Good was connected by blood very closely with the Beaumonts of Leicester and Warwick, a family which supplied Henry II. with several ministers in his early years. Many of his [William the Good's] principal clergy were Englishmen or Normans, and he seems to have been an enthusiastic admirer of Henry II. What action was taken in consequence of Henry's proposition to him is not known, probably none; but we find him in 1173 writing to console the king on the rebellion of his sons, and, as soon as the princess Johanna was old enough to be asked for, petitioning for her as a wife. The proposal was referred to the national council, and accepted. Johanna was sent to Palermo, and received a magnificent dower. In that splendid court she reigned supreme during her husband's life. His fleet covered the Levant, and although the loss of Jerusalem was sometimes laid to his charge in consequence of his disabling the Byzantine empire from action, the last two years of his life were devoted to the equipment of the Crusade. As his health failed he made a will, by which he left to stores to Henry not only all the provisions collected for the expedition, but a vast treasure besides, going moreover so far as to offer the succession to his crown to him or one of his sons. This proposal Henry wisely declined, as he did also the thorny crown of Palestine. His moderation was hardly appreciated by his contemporaries, whose idea of his ambition transcended all probability. This close connexion with William the Good, coupled with Henry's attempt to marry John to the heiress of Savoy, a measure which would have put the Alpine passes at his disposal, and some rumour of his promises to the Lombard League, perhaps formed the basis of the story that, looking at the unsettled condition of Italy, he was disposed to become a candidate for the suffrages of the Roman citizens with a view to the empire.<br />
...<br />
<br />
Extract of a Letter from John of Salisbury to Hugo de Gant<br />
<br />
MTB Letter #539<br />
Intrigues of Henry II with Italian States<br />
Materials for the History of Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury Volume VII p. 30<br />
<br />
Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry (1847). History of the conquest of England by the Normans, tr. by W. Hazlitt. pp. 411–.<br />
https://bit.ly/2MGKhYv<br />
<br />
John (of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres) (1848). Joannis Saresberiensis opera omnia. Nunc primum in unum collegit et cum codicibus manuscriptis: Epistolae. J. H. Parker. pp. 208–.<br />
<br />
John (of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres) (1979). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSbavgEACAAJ">The Letters of John of Salisbury</a>. Letter 290 John of Salisbury to Hugh de Gant, ca 1169: Clarendon Press. pp. 658–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822240-8">978-0-19-822240-8</a>.<br />
Volume II: The Later Letters (1163-1180)<br />
Edited with a facing-page translation from the Latin text by H. E. Butler , W. J. Millor , and Revised by C. N. L. Brooke
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<br />
Letter 290 to Hugoni de Gant ca end of August II69<br />
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="gstxt_hlt"><span style="font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Actiones </span>gratiarum debitas parturit animus. </span>Sed
ut ait propheta, vires non habet parturiens. Nam devotionis effectum
suspendit hactenus persequutionis acerbitas, sed affectum, quin in
partum gratulationis erumpere gestiat, nulla vis potest aut potuit
cohibere. Et quidem Deo propitiante jam in eum calculum Christi et
ecclesiae suae causa perducta est, ut de<span class="gtxt_body">
caetero periclitari non possit, eo quod schismatis capita defecerunt, et
Anglicanae ecclesiae malleus comprehensus in operibus suis de caetero
cui innitatur invenire non valet.</span>Ventum erat ad summum, ubi constat habitudines periculosas esse, cum ille qui, sollicitando tam curiam quam schismaticos, Fredericum videlicet et complices suos, videns se bac via non posse proficere adversus Dominum et adversus Christum ejus, transmissa legatione confugit ad Italiae civitates, promittens Mediolanensibus tria millia marcarum et murorum suorum validissimam reparationem, ut, cum aliis civitatibus quas corrumpere moliebatur, impetrarent a Papa et ecclesia romaua dejectionem vel translationem cantuariensis archiepiscopi. Nam, ob eamdem causam Cremonensibus duo millia marcarum promiserat, Parmensibus mille, et totidem Bononiensibus. Domino vero Papae obtulit, quia data pecunia liberaret eum ab exactionibus omnium Romnnorum, et decem millia marcarum adjiceret, concedens etiam ut tam in ecclesia cnntuariensi, quam in aliis vacantibus in Auglia, pastores ordinaret ad libitum. Sed quia fidem multa promissa levabont, et in precibus manifesta continebatur iniquitas, repulsam passus est; et, quod per se impetrare non poterat, regis Siculi viribus conatus est extorquere. Sed nec ille, licet ad hoc toto nisu syracusanus episcopus et Robertus, comes de Bossevilla, multiplicatis intercessoribus, laboraverint, exauditus est pro sua reverentia, vel potentia, vel gratia, quamvis earn in ecclesia romana plurimam habeat. Dimissi sunt ergo nuncii regis impotes voti, hoe solum impetrato, ut dominus Papa mitteret nuncios qui pacem procurarent, Gratianum scilicet subdiaconum, et magistrum Vivianum, Urbis-Veteris archidiaconmn. qui munere advocationis fungi solet in curia. Eos tamen ante, praescripta forma pacis, sacramenti religione adstrinxit, quod praefinitos terminos non excederent, mandatis quoque adjiciens ut a regis Bumptious abstineant, nisi pace ecclesiae impetrata, et ne ultra diem qui eis praestitus est, aliquam faciant moram. Forma autem pacis quae archiepiscopo expressa est, nihil inhonestum continet vel quod ecclesiam dedeceat aut personam, nec auctoritatem ejus in aliquo minuit, quin libere, omni occasions et appellatione cessante, in ipsum regem, in regnum et personas regni, severitarem ecclesiasticam valeat exercere, prout sibi et ecclesiae Dei expedire cognoverit. Consilium tamen amicorum virorumque sapientum est, ut dum pacis verba tractantur, mitius agat et multa dissimulet; postea, si (quod absit!) pax non processerit, gravius quasi resumptis viribus persecutores ecclesiae prostraturus.</span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><br />Spera ergo, dilecte mi, et quicquid interim audieris, non movearis, quia
Deus in tuto posuit causam suam. Audies forte superbiam Moab: sed
memineris quod superbia major est quam fortitudo ejus. Nam territi sunt
in Sion peccatores, possedit timor hypocritas, qui nisi revertantur a
pravitate sua, expellentur et stare non poterunt: jam enim securis ad
radicem eorum posita est, et ventilabrum habet angelus in manu sua, ut
grana discernat a paleis. Praefati nuncii ad regem profecti sunt, sed
quid apud ipsum invenerint, nondum nobis innotuit: hoc tamen certum est
quod se rex verbo et scripto obligavit ad exequendum consilium et
mandatum domini papae, scriptumque ejus prae manibus est, a quo si
resilierit, facile convincetur, sed nec sic credendum censuit ecclesia,
antequam verborum fidem operum testimonio roboraret. Salutatus a te,
plurimum et affectuose te resalutat archiepiscopus, se ad amorem et
honorem tuum exponens promptissima devotione.</span><span style="color: red;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span>
To a friend of a friend<br />
<br />
My mind wishes to bear the thanksgiving that is due, but as the prophet says it has no strength for the labour, for bitter persecution has frustrated me from putting my devout wish to effect. But my affection no force can or will prevent from longing to give birth to rejoicing. By God's mercy, the cause of Christ and His Church has now been brought to the that it can no longer be in peril: the heads of the schism have failed and the Hammer of the English Church, caught in his own deeds, cannot find any support henceforth. He had reached his peal - where one's position is proverbially dangerous. He had worked hard to win help from the Curia and the schismatics - Frederick, that is, and his accomplices. But he saw that he was profiting nothing in this way against the Lord and His anointed; and he had resort, by means of an embassy, to the cities of Italy and promised the Milanese 3000 marks and the most effective repair to their walls, if they could -with the other cities he was striving to corrupt - obtain from the Pope and the Roman Church the deposition or translation of the archbishop of Canterbury. To the same end he had promised 2000 marks to the men of Cremona, 1000 to those of Parma and the same to the Bolognese. To the Pope he offered money to free him from his debts to all [his] Roman creditors and 10000 marks besides; and conceded that he should choose and consecrate at his will bishops for the see of Canterbury and the other vacant sees in England. His many promises roused distrust, and in his pleas there evidently lay wickedness; so he suffered a rebuff and what he could not obtain by his own asking he has tried to obtain by the strength of the king of Sicily. The bishop of Syracuse and Count Robert de Basenuilla have worked energetically to this end with many helpers; yet he has not been heard in accordance with the respect he showed or with his power or favour, although his favour is high in the Roman Church. And so the king's messengers were sent away without achieving their object, with this only won, that the Pope would send ambassadors to try to make peace: the subdeacon Gratian and Master Vivian, archdeacon of Orvieto, who is commonly an advocate in the Curia. The terms of peace have been laid down, and the Pope has tied them by oath in advance not to exceed the terms; and he has also commanded them to receive nothing at the king's expense unless the Church's peace has been won, and not to stay beyond the day fixed for their return. The terms of peace have been revealed to the archbishop and contain nothing dishonourable or shameful to the Church or to his person; nor do they diminish in any way his authority -he can still freely exercise the Church's penalties against the king himself, the kingdom and the great men of the realm, all excuse and appeal set aside, if he thinks the occasion makes it expedient for himself and God's Church. But his friends advise-the wise ones-that while the terms of the peace settlement are being negotiated, he should act mildly and say nothing on many points. Afterwards, if (which God forbid) peace does not ensue, he can take on. his power again and lay low the Church's persecutors more direly. Be of good hope, my dear friend, and whatever you hear meanwhile, do not be too much disturbed, since God has placed His cause in safety. You will hear maybe of Moab's boasting, but you will remember that its boasting is greater than its courage. For the sinners were terrified in Zion, and fear possessed the hypocrites who will be expelled and lose their footing unless they turn from their wickedness The axe is now laid to their root, and the angel holds the winnowing fan in his hand, to separate the wheat from the chaff. The Pope's ambassadors have reached the king, but what reception they have found there we have not yet heard. But this is certain, that the king has bound himself in word and in writing to follow the Pope's advice and command; his written undertaking is in their hands, and if he departs from it he will readily be convicted. But the Church did not reckon that his word could be trusted even so, before he confirms his verbal assurances by the witness of his deeds. The archbishop answers your greeting, very fully and affectionately, and others himself with a most ready devotion to your love and honour.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Other References</b><br />
<br />
W. L. Warren (1977). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fZclS4hZkUC&pg=PA221">Henry II</a>. University of California Press. pp. 221–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03494-5">978-0-520-03494-5</a>.<br />
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Henry_II_(DNB00)">Henry II (DNB00) - Wikisource, </a>Dictionary of National Biography<br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_League">Lombard League - Wikipedia</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily">Joan of England, Queen of Sicily - Wikipedia</a></div>
<div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Greenwood (Mary Anne Everett) (1849). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZYhIp6rNh8C&pg=PA308" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>Lives of the Princesses of England, from the Norman Conquest</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. Henry Colburn. pp. 308–.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.academia.edu/671330/Joanna_Queen_of_Sicily">Joanna, Queen of Sicily | Dana Cushing - Academia.edu</a></span><br />
<br />
Anne J. Duggan; Peter D. Clarke (22 April 2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE4GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257">Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival</a>. Chapter IX: Beyond Becket -King Henry II and the Papacy 1154-1189: Routledge. pp. 257–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-07837-1">978-1-317-07837-1</a>.<br />
<br />
Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler (1836). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEA_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA192">Text-book of Ecclesiastical History</a>. Carey, Lea, and Blanchard. pp. 192–.<br />
<br />
Thelma S. Fenster; Carolyn P. Collette (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7Q4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA278">The French of Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Jocelyn Wogan-Browne</a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 278–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-459-4">978-1-84384-459-</a><br />
<br />
Alliance of England and Sicily in the Second Half of the 12th Century<br />
Evelyn Jamison<br />
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes<br />
Vol. 6 (1943), pp. 20-32<br />
Published by: The Warburg Institute<br />
DOI: 10.2307/750419<br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/750419">https://www.jstor.org/stable/750419</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-91982596441326529872019-04-02T11:54:00.009+01:002021-04-14T19:41:31.557+01:00Vills and Villeins<b>The Kingdom of England</b><br />
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The realm of England was divided into administrative and judicial districts called shires [counties] each overseen by a royal officer knowns as a sheriff [shire reeve]. The shires themselves were subdivided into smaller units called hundreds [sometimes in different counties called wapentakes or even lathes or rapes]. Hundreds themselves in turn were divided into vills.<br />
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Within each vill all adult males [those aged over 12] were enrolled into smaller groups known as tithings, a group pledged to mutual accountability.. Under the system of frankpledge, each tithing was individually responsible for the discipline of the members of its constituent households [hearths] and their keeping of the King’s Peace. Under William the Conqueror all tithings were compulsorily made to adopt this frankpledge system. <br />
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<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/vill">Vill - Hull Domesday Project</a><br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law#The_preservation_of_peace">Anglo-Saxon_law: The_preservation_of_peace</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/data-terminology/weights-measures/hides">hides - Hull Domesday Project</a><br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithing">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithing</a><br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankpledge">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankpledge</a><br /><br /><a href="https://archive.org/details/frankpledgesyste14morr/page/n6/mode/1up">The Frankpledge System : Morris, William Alfred,- Internet Archive</a><br />
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A tithing originally meant a grouping of households in an area comprising a land area of of about ten hides. The heads of each of those households were referred to as tithingmen [assumed to be all adult males aged over 12. Each tithingman was responsible for the actions and behaviour of all the members in the tithing, under the collective system of responsibility known as frankpledge.<br />
<b><br />Fundamental Axiom of Feudalism in England</b><br />
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<i>Nulle terre sans seigneur</i><br />
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No land without a lord.<br />
No property [land] without a liege.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2012/09/homage-and-fealty_13.html">Homage and Fealty</a><br />
<br />
Adam Lucas (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qcWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Ecclesiastical Lordship, Seigneurial Power and the Commercialization of Milling in Medieval England</a>. Routledge. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14647-6">978-1-317-14647-6</a>.<br />
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<b>Vills and Villeins</b><br />
<br />
The Vill in Medieval England <br />
Author: Warren O. Ault <br />
Source: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 126, No. 3 (Jun. 8, 1982), pp. 188-211 <br />
Published by: American Philosophical Society <br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/986507">https://www.jstor.org/stable/986507</a><br />
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A manor, normally, was a single estate comprising both the demesne lands of the lord and those of his tenants, and his hall of residence, the manor house. If all the inhabitants of a vill were tenants of the same lord, vill and manor coincided, and they would have the same name. But a vill could comprise more than one manor each with its own lord, and some larger manors could comprise several vills. Manors and vills [villa and manorium] were different things. A manor had a court, a village moot, an assembly of the tenants, where they were required to perform service due to the lord of the manor and fulfill their obligations to each other. Vills had no such court, unless they were also a manor.<br />
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Medieval society was largely agricultural and its wealth and power were tied to the productivity of the land and its possession. The Vill was the smallest geographical, agricultural and administrative unit of habitation under the feudal system. It was a term that was used in the Domesday Book to describe such a productive entity, an enterprise overseen by its landlord. A Vill was roughly the size of an ecclesiastical parish and often coterminous with one. A Vill was the Norman-French translation of the Latin word, Villa (pl. Villae) or Anglo-Saxon place naming -ton or tun (township or enclosed piece of land), settlements which consisted of a number of houses and their adjacent fields. Today we might call a vill a village, and the larger ones a township. The inhabitants of a vill were called villeins (Latin villani). Technically in legal parlance villeins were serfs tied to the land in the feudal system - peasant tenant farmers in bond to a lord of a manor. Villeins had more rights and status than those held in slavery, but were held in servitude under a number of legal restrictions which differentiated them from freemen. <br />
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Vills, as settlements, were frequently set up and organised by their lords of the manor [lordships] when wanted their people, those who owed service to them for their lands, more closely grouped together around their manor houses, rather than living in remote farmsteads, so that the villains could easily and directly service the lands of their lord's demesnes.<br />
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There are some 15,000 to 18,000 places with place names recorded in the counties of the Domesday Book (1086). If each place name represented one Manor (or Vill) this would mean each had an average population of around 100 persons.<br />
<br />
David Bates (July 2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6912MfOGqUC&pg=PA123">Anglo-Norman Studies XXXIV: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2011</a>. The Invention of the Manor in Norman England by C. P. Lewis: Boydell Press. pp. 123–150. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-735-0">978-1-84383-735-0</a>.<br />
<br />
Mick Aston; Dr. Christopher Gerrard (7 February 2013).<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KqSmAwAAQBAJ"> Interpreting the English Village: Landscape and Community at Shapwick, Somerset</a>. Windgather Press.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"> ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909686-06-9">978-1-909686-06-9</a>.<br />
<br />
Frederic Seebohm.<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1tgk_UNST2kC"> The English Village Community Examined in Its Relation to the Manorial and Tribal Systems and to the Common Or Open Field System of Husbandry: An Essay in Economic History</a>. Cambridge University Press.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"> ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-03634-4">978-1-108-03634-4</a>.<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47889/page/n11">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47889/page/n11</a><br />
<br />
J.H. Round <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-ZaDwAAQBAJ">Feudal England</a>. BoD – Books on Demand.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"> ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7326-7588-3">978-3-7326-7588-3</a>.<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924014477271/page/n8">https://archive.org/details/cu31924014477271/page/n8</a><br />
<br />
Bloomsbury Publishing (1995). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uL_Y7Cw9QcUC&pg=PA99">Essays in Anglo-Saxon History</a>. Chapter 6 - Bede's Words for Places: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 99–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2573-7">978-0-8264-2573-7</a>.<br />
F. W. Maitland (1987).<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WriZD3cuwhkC"> Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England</a>. Cambridge University Press.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"> ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34918-5">978-0-521-34918-5</a>.<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503278/page/n5">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503278/page/n5</a><br />
<br />
H. C. Darby; Henry Clifford Darby (1986). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RomMkkeRg8oC&pg=PA15">Domesday England</a>. Chapter II: Rural Settlements: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31026-0">978-0-521-31026-0</a>.<br />
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N. J. Higham; Martin J. Ryan (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhtTKrOfdB0C&pg=PP1">Place-names, Language and the Anglo-Saxon Landscape</a>. Boydell Press. pp. 1–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-603-2">978-1-84383-603-2</a>.<br />
<br />
N. J. Higham; Martin J. Ryan (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEQLFYnCOokC&pg=PA1">The Landscape Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England</a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-582-0">978-1-84383-582-0</a>.<br /><br />Alexander Mansfield Burrill (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeQYXYMBtwgC&pg=PA1040">A New Law Dictionary and Glossary </a><b>Vill</b> The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 1040–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886363-32-8">978-1-886363-32-8</a>.<br /><br />Alexander Mansfield Burrill (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeQYXYMBtwgC&pg=PA1041">A New Law Dictionary and Glossary</a> <b>Villanus</b> The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 1041–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886363-32-8">978-1-886363-32-8</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9D5GAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA205">Archaeologia, Or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity</a>. XXX: On the Political Condition of the English Peasantry during the Middle Ages: The Society. 1844. pp. 205–.<div><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div>Thomas Percy (1868). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrpApA7HLAQC&pg=PR31">Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript: Ballads and Romances</a>. On Bondman: the name and the class by F.J. Furnivall: N. Trübner & Company. pp. xxix–lviii.<br /><span face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><a href="https://archive.org/stream/bishoppercysfoli02percuoft/bishoppercysfoli02percuoft_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/bishoppercysfoli02percuoft/bishoppercysfoli02percuoft_djvu.txt</a></span></span><br />
<br /><br />
<b>Royal Vills or Kingstun [villa regalis]</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_vill">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_vill</a><br />
<br />
The royal vill was where the <i>feorm </i>or food-rent was received by the man who was in charge of the royal vill and its estate for the king, the royal ealdorman or reeve. It was the royal reeve who was responsible for the revenue collection of the <i>feorm </i>at the royal vill and whose duties also combined administrative functions of organising the moot for the hundred in which it was the centre whether as a general assembly or as a local court. Royal reeves evolved later under Norman rule into shire reeves or sheriffs responsible for collecting taxes.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Situated in each royal vill typically was a monastery or minster which may have been sponsored by the king . Described as “England garrisoned with spiritual burhs”, the minster served a territory of jurisdiction identical to that administered by the royal ealdorman or reeve. In effect the Church helped to enforce royal power geographically. In its turn the Church sponsored kingship as it was the ideal model of rule as described in the Bible. The Church in England [especially in Southern England] was a mission from Rome. Minster churches [monasteries] were the centres of missionary work promulgating Christianity organised by the monks. Later the minster system of organising the Church was replaced by the diocesan system.<br />
<br />
Hector Munro Chadwick (1963). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BK08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA228">Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions</a>. Adminstrative System: The King's Reeve: CUP Archive. pp. 228–.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minster_(church)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minster_(church)</a><br />
<br />
Robert A. Dodgshon; Robin A. Butlin (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkvgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Historical Geography of England and Wales</a>. Elsevier. pp. 58–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-8841-3">978-1-4832-8841-3</a>.<br />
<br />
Andrew Galloway (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDPzAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Culture</a>. Chapter 4: Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49520-3">978-1-107-49520-3</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m86NDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT458">Encyclopaedia Britannica: 11th Edition</a>. My Ebook Publishing House. pp. 458–.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"> ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-8846-00-2">978-606-8846-00-2</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:EB1911_-_Volume_04.djvu/611">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:EB1911_-_Volume_04.djvu/611</a><br />
<br />
Pounds N. J. G. (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-BC_kmeBhoC&pg=PR3">A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63351-2">978-0-521-63351-2</a>.<br />
<br />
Rosamond Faith (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eyHUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship</a>. A&C Black. pp. 8–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0204-1">978-0-7185-0204-1</a>.<br />
<br />
Barbara Yorke (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC6EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</a>. Routledge. pp. 8–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70725-6">978-1-134-70725-6</a>.<br />
<br />
Stephen Rippon (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm4E97btenAC&pg=PA152">Making Sense of an Historic Landscape</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 152–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953378-7">978-0-19-953378-7</a>.<br />
<br />
Stephen Driscoll; John Hunter; Ian Ralston (16 December 2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozGMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA305">The Archaeology of Britain: An Introduction from Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century</a>. Chapter 14 Landscapes: Routledge. pp. 305–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18958-7">978-1-135-18958-7</a>.<br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/county">http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/county</a><a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/data-terminology/administrative-units/shire">http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/data-terminology/administrative-units/shire</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/vill">http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/vill</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/fief">http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/fief</a><br />
<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/manor" target="_blank">http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/manor</a><br />
<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/hundred">http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/structure-of-domesday-book/hundred</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/data-terminology/administrative-units/castlery">http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/data-terminology/administrative-units/castlery</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/data-terminology/manors" target="_blank">Manors</a><br />
<br />Paul Vinogradoff (31 October 2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XgxIVaqn6AMC&pg=PR1">The Growth of the Manor</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01450-2">978-1-108-01450-2</a>.<br /><a href="https://archive.org/details/growthofmanor0000vino_z3h5">https://archive.org/details/growthofmanor0000vino_z3h5</a><br /><br /><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">Hyams, Paul R. “The Proof of Villein Status in the Common Law.” </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">The English Historical Review</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, vol. 89, no. 353, 1974, pp. 721–749. </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">JSTOR</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/566397">www.jstor.org/stable/566397</a>. <br /></span><br /><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">Hilton, R. H. “Freedom and Villeinage in England.” </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">Past & Present</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, no. 31, 1965, pp. 3–19. </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">JSTOR</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/650099">www.jstor.org/stable/650099</a>.<br /></span><br /><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">Hatcher, John. “English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment.” </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">Past & Present</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, no. 90, 1981, pp. 3–39. </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px; line-height: inherit;">JSTOR</i><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">, <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/650715">www.jstor.org/stable/650715</a>. </span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villein">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villein</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor</a><br />
Harold J. Berman (June 2009). Law and Revolution, the Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Harvard University Press. pp. 440–. ISBN 978-0-674-02085-6 <a href="http://bit.ly/2WqLR0C">http://bit.ly/2WqLR0C</a><br />
<br />
<br />
Dr Barbara Yorke (2002).<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOuGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21"> Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</a>. Routledge. pp. 21–.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"> ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70724-9">978-1-134-70724-9</a>.<br />
<br />
<b>Manors</b><br />
<br />
A Vill Iis a geographical area whereas the word manor implies properly the jurisdiction exercised by a lord over the inhabitants of one or more vills. A vill would typically be a parish. Indeed the inhabitants of a vill might owe service to more than one lord. <br />
<br />
<br />
There is a geographic centre to a manor, the manor house; the word manor was applied especially from an early date to the dwelling-place of the lord to whom service was due. It was the house where taxes [geld] were paid, and where the lord's courts were held.<br />
<br />
<br />
During the Anglo-Saxon period, what we know as the manorial system had come into being as an economic fact. The estate held by a lord was the economic unit of landed property. In the vill which was at the centre of that estate there was the lord's house, and, side by side with it, the church which he had built for the use of his tenants and of which he was the patron or advocate. Round these two buildings were clustered the houses of the tenants, freemen who paid the lord a yearly rent in money or kind, and serfs, the villani, who were bound to his service and worked upon his demesne lands.<br />
<br />
<br />
The servile class formed the larger proportion of the inhabitants of the township : they were the villani, the villeins, the people of the vill.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/ueXGnd">https://goo.gl/ueXGnd</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/NotesCharnwoodPagesfromVolume15.pdf">Some Notes on Manors & Manorial History by A. Hamilton Thompson</a>In<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdMxAQAAIAAJ">Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological Society</a>. Volume XV. 1928. pp. 294–.<br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/V745Wq">https://goo.gl/V745Wq</a> archived <a href="https://goo.gl/uwTQ9Y">https://goo.gl/uwTQ9Y</a><br />
<br />
Paul Vinogradoff (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XgxIVaqn6AMC&pg=PR1">The Growth of the Manor</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01450-2">978-1-108-01450-2</a>.<br />
The growth of the manor : Vinogradoff, Paul - Internet Archive<br />
<br />
A History of Lordships of the Manor<br />
<a href="http://www.msgb.co.uk/lordships.html">http://www.msgb.co.uk/lordships.html</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Fiefs</b><br />
<br />
Fiefs Latin, feudum.<br />
<br />
The Latin word <i>feudum </i>is translated as Holding but is more commonly known as a <i>fief</i>.<br />
<br />
By convention, the term fief is used to describe all the manors held by a tenant-in-chief in one county. These would be described in a single block, or chapter, unless the tenant-in-chief was a minor landholder in which case they were described in part of a collective fief towards the end of the county. All the county fiefs held by a tenant-in-chief constituted his Honour. Honour and fief are both conventional, not technical terms, and they are sometimes used interchangeably.<br />
<br />
The usage in Domesday Book is even looser: feudum was applied to honours, fiefs, and even to single manors, both before and after the Conquest. Many historians would regard a pre-Conquest feudum as an anachronism.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/pollock-the-history-of-english-law-before-the-time-of-edward-i-2-vols">The history of English law before the time of Edward I (second edition, 1898); </a><br />
<br />
Sir Frederick Pollock; Frederic William Maitland (1898) . <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdisvDaHiIMC">The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I</a>. Volume I. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-718-2">978-1-58477-718-2</a>.<br />
<br />
Sir Frederick Pollock; Frederic William Maitland (1899). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_YyAAAAIAAJ">The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I</a>. Volume II. University Press.<br />
<br />
Susan Reynolds (1996).<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkQ8z7S2cIIC"> Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted</a>. Clarendon Press.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"> ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820648-4">978-0-19-820648-4</a>.<br />
<br />
Susan Reynolds (1996).<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkQ8z7S2cIIC&pg=PA48"> Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted</a>. Fiefs and Medieval Property Relations: Clarendon Press. pp. 48–.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"> ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820648-4">978-0-19-820648-4</a>.<br />
<br />
It is, of course, quite possible that the military service due from and owed by a single manor or vill may be equivalent to a knight's fee (feodum unius militis); but it might be more, or sometimes less, some often amounting to only a fraction of a knight’s fee.. <br />
<br />
<b>Ecclesiastical Organisation</b><br />
<b><br /></b>J. Blair, 'Introduction: From Minster to Parish Church', in Minsters and Parish Churches, 1-19. <br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410064959/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73443.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20190410064959/http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/course-materials/ARCL2018_73443.pdf</a><br />
<br />
Domesday Book recorded two types of ecclesiatical organisation<br />
<br />
1. Parochial or Parish System<br />
<br />
Priest of the manor, priest of the vill, church of the vill [ecclesia villae].<br />
<br />
These were vills and manors in which the church and its priest was generally sponsored by the lord of the manor<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_(Church_of_England)" target="_blank">Parish (Church_of_England) - Wikipedia</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_church" target="_blank">Proprietary church - Wikipedia</a><br />
<span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;">Nigel Saul (2017). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfe4DQAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>Lordship and Faith: The English Gentry and the Parish Church in the Middle Ages</i></a><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;">. Oxford University Press. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870619-9" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870619-9">978-0-19-870619-9</a><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;">.</span><br />
<br />
2. Minster System<br />
<br />
The older Anglo-Saxon in which there was a central collegiate minster, usually a monastery which with its group of clergy [canons] served a number of villages around it, as a team ministry <br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minster_hypothesis" target="_blank">Minster Hypothesis - Wikipedia</a></div>
<div>
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-71293792151505723762019-03-14T09:19:00.000+00:002019-04-14T06:54:42.953+01:00Oaths and Oath-Taking<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
Oaths and the taking of oaths, and the powerful, dramatic and formal ritual ceremony surrounding them have been undertaken since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks.<br />
<br />
<div>
Oaths among many other matters govern behaviour in the courts, commerce when deals are being made, international relations between nations, and the signing of contracts and the making of enforceable promises between private parties.<br />
<br />
Oaths may be taken secretly or before witnesses (necessary if they are to be proved in a court of law).<br />
<br />
For an oath to be valid it must be made according to some proper or prescribed formula. There must exist a conventional procedure having a conventional effect.<br />
<br />
In Ancient Greek times oaths were used in the tragedies and comedies by the dramatists to mark points in the drama where the plot changes direction here characters in that plot might be being compelled to act in ways not necessarily in their st interests or by their own moral conviction.<br />
<br />
The taking of an oath might be considered to be an illocutionary act. That is an act where the very act of speaking it in itself constitutes the intended action.<br />
<br />
The ritual behind the taking of an oath was pretty much fixed over time and place, a ritual very much traditional and stable in the society in which it is held..<br />
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Structure of an Oath
</span></div>
<br />
What did this ritual comprise?<br />
<br />
1) The invitation and offer.<br />
<br />
2) The invocation of God or the gods or other supernatural beings as witnesses and guarantors of the oath.<br />
<br />
When making an oath it must attract the attention of the guaranteeing God or gods.<br />
<br />
An oath is a kind of prayer to a God or gods, or a supernatural being to witness a promise or an assertion, and to enforce it.<br />
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Historically the taking of an an oath was a divinely ordained act and might be considered to be an illocutionary supernaturally protected ritual. In medieval times its sanctity was was sanctioned, aided and assured by God.<br />
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3) A verb of swearing.<br />
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4) The body of the promise or oath <br />
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5) The conditional curse. Every oath carries a conditional and implicit self curse.<br />
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It is a promise guaranteed by an invocation to God (or gods) and the offering of a self-curse if it is not kept or fulfilled, in the event if the promise is broken or perjured in any way.<br />
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6) Oaths sometimes include and involve details of the sacrifice and sanctifying ritual such as swearing on a bible or holy relic<br />
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In Ancient Egypt and Greece an oath was often made binding by a sacrifice on the altar of the witnessing and guaranteeing god <br />
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Oaths bring success prosperity and triumph, and an honorable reputation to the pious man if they are honoured. <br />
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If they are perjured they bring destruction, excommunication and suspension to the individual who failed to fulfill the conditions. This is the very essence of pure tragedy. [traditionally perjury was the bearing of false witness or making a false oath.]<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre;">Documenting oaths</span></div>
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Documenting or the writing down an oath as text tends to have the effect of , i.e. encourages having the oath read out loud. Written language was always meant to be spoken. In earlier societies laws where most members of that society were illiterate, these societies always had a law-giver, someone who memorised and spoke the legal text of a law. The reading out loud of an oath made its content public.<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Types of oath: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Evidentiary oath = swearing that the testimony that one is about to give is “true”.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Promissory oath = commitment to do or not to do something.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">References</span></div>
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Judith Fletcher (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1W2CPsG_5IC">Performing Oaths in Classical Greek Drama</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50035-7">978-1-139-50035-7</a>.<br />
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Alan H. Sommerstein; Judith Fletcher (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkFoAAAAMAAJ">Horkos: The Oath in Greek Society</a>. Bristol Phoenix Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904675-67-9">978-1-904675-67-9</a>.<br />
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Wilfred Lewis Warren (1973). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8KrkVOxaT0C&pg=PA217">Henry II</a>. <b>Henry II as Oathbreaker</b>: University of California Press. pp. 217–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02282-9">978-0-520-02282-9</a>.<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Saints in Invocations and Oaths in Medieval Literature</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Jan Ziolkowski</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vol. 87, No. 2 (Apr., 1988), pp. 179-192</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Published by: University of Illinois Press</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27709990" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">https://www.jstor.org/stable/27709990</span></a></div>
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CHEYETTE, FREDRIC L. "C." In Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours, 187-98. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2001. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv3s8ngk.19">http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv3s8ngk.19</a>.<br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/RpQk8v">https://goo.gl/RpQk8v</a><br />
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Godefridus J. C. Snoek (1995). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXtHb-OODMkC&pg=PA132">Medieval Piety from Relics to the Eucharist: A Process of Mutual Interaction</a>. Oath Taking on the Relics and the Eucharist: BRILL. pp. 132–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10263-9">90-04-10263-9</a>.<br />
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Gaines Post (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGc6wZGAYawC&pg=PA415">Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law and the State 1100-1322</a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 415–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-692-5">978-1-58477-692-5</a>.<br />
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POST, GAINES. "THE ROMAN LAW AND THE “INALIENABILITY CLAUSE” IN THE ENGLISH CORONATION OATH." In Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law and the State 1100-1322, 415-33. Princeton University Press, 1964. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pr3p.13">http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pr3p.13</a>.<br />
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THE CORONATION IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND: The Evolution of the Office and the Oath<br />
H. G. RICHARDSON<br />
Traditio<br />
Vol. 16 (1960), pp. 111-202<br />
Published by: Cambridge University Press<br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830405">https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830405</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The English Coronation Oath</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">H. G. Richardson</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Speculum</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vol. 24, No. 1 (Jan., 1949), pp. 44-75</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">DOI: 10.2307/2853920</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853920" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853920</a> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"></span><span style="text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial;">Edward Stillingfleet (bp. of Worcester); Abednego Seller (1689). </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiJcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1" style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">A discourse [by E. Stillingfleet] concerning the unreasonableness of a new separation, on account of the oaths, with an answer to the History of passive obedience [by A. Seller.]</a><span style="text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial;">.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-39664241618254180612018-12-24T09:25:00.003+00:002022-04-02T10:58:03.976+01:00The Palace of Clarendon<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
Clarendon Palace</h3>
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Clarendon Palace, the location where the Constitutions were drawn up and promulgated, a location very near to both Old Sarum [medieval Salisbury, about a 4 mile walk away]. Winchester was close by, and it was just about a day's ride from Southampton, and within 100 miles of London. It was selected for the convocation of the King's Grand Council most likely because of its huge deer park, and proximity to farm lands and store house necessary to be able to provision and feed all those summoned by the king to attend the Council, namely archbishops, bishops, abbot, earls, barons and others, and all their retinue and horses. It was originally a hunting lodge set in a royal forest, but gradually during Henry II's reign it was developing into a major palace with a Great Hall having several ancillary buildings for accommodation, kitchens, wine cellars and so forth; note it was not a castle but a palace, defensive works were minimal. Becket was known to be lodged in Winchester at the time of the Council of Clarendon, January 1164.</div>
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Wording on the plaque erected on the site by Sir Henry Hervey Bathurst, owner of the land in 1844:-</div>
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"The building of which this fragment formed a part, was long a favourite residence of the English monarchs, and has been historically connected with many important transactions and distinguished characters. Among others, Philip, king of Navarre, here rendered the first homage which was paid to Edward I as king of France; and John, king of France, with David, king of Scots, spent here a portion of their captivity. More especially here were enacted the Constitutions of Clarendon,—the first barrier raised against the claims of secular jurisdiction by the see of Rome. The spirit awakened within these walls ceased not to operate till it had vindicated the authority of the laws, and accomplished the reformation of the Church of England. To prevent the entire destruction of so interesting a memorial of past ages, sirF. H. H. Bathurst, bart., caused it to be supported and strengthened, and this inscription to be affixed, A.D. 1844." </div>
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<br />Photoset 1 <a href="https://flic.kr/s/aHskvPJgDL" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://flic.kr/s/aHskvPJgDL</a> Clarendon Palace May 1st 2016<br /><br /><div>
Photoset 2 <a href="https://flic.kr/s/aHskzmtYi3" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://flic.kr/s/aHskzmtYi3</a> Clarendon Palace May 1st 2016<br /><br />Photoset Clarendon Palace June 2017 <a href="https://goo.gl/photos/mXmQMUJ5HJi4FKz49" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://goo.gl/photos/mXmQMUJ5HJi4FKz49</a><br /><br /><div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Palace" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Palace</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.astoft.co.uk/clarendonpalace.htm" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.astoft.co.uk/clarendonpalace.htm</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/3986.html" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/3986.html</a><br /><br /><a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=51.0703&lon=-1.7416&z=16&l=0&m=s&v=9&search=51.0703%2C%20-1.7416" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">http://wikimapia.org/#lat=51.0703&lon=-1.7416&z=16&l=0&m=s&v=9&search=51.0703%2C%20-1.7416</a><br /><br /><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eBEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA120" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">The Antiquarian and Architectural Year Book for 1844</a>. The Royal Palace of Clarendon, Wilts: T. C. Newby. 1845. pp. 120–.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Palace">Clarendon Palace - Wikipedia</a><br /><br /><a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=51.070655&lon=-1.741827&z=18&m=b&search=51.0710%2C%20-1.7420" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Wikimapia - Remains of Clarendon Palace</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SU1830" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SU1830</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-319935-clarendon-palace-clarendon-park-/osmap" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">OS Map of Clarendon Palace</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://archive.org/details/medievalpalacesa0000keev/page/106/mode/1up?q=%22clarendon+palace%22" target="_blank">Medieval palaces : an archaeology : Keevill, Graham D - Internet Archive</a><br /><br /><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eBEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA120" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Antiquarian and Architectural Year Book for 1844</a>. The Royal Palace of Clarendon, Wilts: T. C. Newby. 1845. pp. 120–<br />Royal forests | A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 4 (pp. 391-433)<br /><<a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=102825&strquery=%22clarendon%20palace%22#s8" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=102825&strquery=%22clarendon%20palace%22#s8</a>><br /><br />Amanda Richardson (2005). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WWpnAAAAMAAJ" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">The forest, park and palace of Clarendon, c. 1200-c. 1650: reconstructing an actual, conceptual and documented Wiltshire landscape</a>. Archaeopress.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">ISBN</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-825-5" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">978-1-84171-825-5</a>.<br /><br />T. B. James; Anne M. Robinson; Elizabeth S. Eames (1988). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LDNnAAAAMAAJ" style="color: #888888; display: inline; float: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Clarendon Palace: the history and archaeology of a medieval palace and hunting lodge near Salisbury, Wiltshire</a>. Society of Antiquari<span face="sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">es of London. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span face="sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85431-248-1" style="color: #888888; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85431-248-1">978-0-85431-248-1</a><span face="sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11px;">.</span></div>
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<span face="sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">T. B. James; Christopher M. Gerrard (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=P2pnAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Clarendon: landscape of kings</i></a>. Windgather. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905119-11-0" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905119-11-0">978-1-905119-11-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">.</span><span face="sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br /><br /><div style="color: black; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Anthony Emery (2007). <i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=41NtEXE71u8C&pg=PA25" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Discovering Medieval Houses</a></i>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 25–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0655-4" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">978-0-7478-0655-4</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Anthony Emery (2007). <i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=41NtEXE71u8C&pg=PA33" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Discovering Medieval Houses</a></i>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 33–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0655-4" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">978-0-7478-0655-4</a>.</span></span></div>
<span face="sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><i> </i></span></span><br /><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_ZkuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA86" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Chronology; or, A concise view of the annals of England: Wherein every particular occurrence from the descent of Julius Cæsar, to the present time ... is ... recorded, with the date affixed: also, an exact chronology of the lives of the most eminent men, in all ages of the world. To which is added a plan of the Saxon heptarchy ...</a>. J. Almon. 1769. pp. 86–.<br /><br />William Stukeley (1776). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HphaAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA138-IA1" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Itinerarium curiosum; or, An account of the antiquities, and remarkable curiosities in nature or art, observed in travels through Great Britain</a>. Printed for Baker and Leigh. pp. 4–<br /><br />John Steane (2014). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sxshBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales</a>. Clarendon Palace (incl. Plan): Routledge. pp. 13–15. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59994-4" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">978-1-317-59994-4</a>.<br /><br /><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;">John Steane (2003). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp2EAgAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy</i></a><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;">. Routledge. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64158-1" style="color: #888888; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64158-1">978-1-134-64158-1</a><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.43px;">.</span></div>
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<b>The Cycle of Images in the Palaces and Castles of Henry III</b></div>
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<i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i> , Vol. 6, (1943) , pp. 40-50</div>
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Tancred Borenius and John Charlton (1936).</div>
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Clarendon Palace: An Interim Report.</div>
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The Antiquaries Journal / Volume 16 / Issue 01 / January 1936, pp 55-84</div>
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Nikolaus Pevsner; Bridget Cherry (1975). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Dk_moRw2Q7cC&pg=PA180" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Wiltshire</a>. <i>Clarendon Palace</i>: Yale University Press. pp. 180–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09659-0" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">978-0-300-09659-0</a>.<br /><div style="font-family: Arial; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
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<i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xmQ3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA142" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i>. F. Jefferies. 1833. pp. 142–.</div>
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MFpEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA151" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">"Survey of the Manor and Forest of Clarendon" by Phillipps"</a>. <i>Archaeologia:. </i>Society of Antiquaries of London. 1834. pp. 151–8.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Amanda Richardson (2005). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WWpnAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The forest, park and palace of Clarendon, c. 1200-c. 1650: reconstructing an actual, conceptual and documented Wiltshire landscape</i></a>. Archaeopress.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-825-5" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-825-5">978-1-84171-825-5</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">John Musty (1962). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KR2pYgEACAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Medieval Britain in 1961: Wiltshire : Clarendon Palace</i></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Peter Hall (1834). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5_4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA30" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A brief history of Old and New Sarum</i></a>. pp. 30–.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Edward Wedlake Brayley; John Britton (1814). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HIpCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA201" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Beauties of England and Wales, Or, Delineations, Topographical, Historical, and Descriptive, of Each County: pt. 1. Wiltshire</i></a>. T. Maiden. pp. 201–.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QmEzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA458" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Parliamentary Gazetteer of England and Wales</a>. </i> A. Fullarton and Company. 1841. pp. 458–.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sLk4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA151" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Archaeologia ; Or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity</i></a>. <i>Survey of the Manor and Forest of Clarendon, Wiltshire, in 1272</i>.: Society of Antiquaries of London. 1833. pp. 151–.</span></div>
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<a href="http://cwr.naturalengland.org.uk/Default.aspx?Module=CountryWalkDetails&Site=3119" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Defra, UK - Rural Affairs</a></div>
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<a href="http://cwr.naturalengland.org.uk/mapboards/pdfs/451940004.pdf" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cwr.naturalengland.org.uk/mapboards/pdfs/451940004.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.astoft.co.uk/clarendonpalace.htm" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Clarendon Palace - Astoft</a></div>
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King Alfred's Archaeology:- The Clarendon Project -<a href="http://goo.gl/uLLmWN" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"> http://goo.gl/uLLmWN</a></div>
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<span id="citespan">T. B. James; Anne M. Robinson; Elizabeth S. Eames (1988). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LDNnAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Clarendon Palace: the history and archaeology of a medieval palace and hunting lodge near Salisbury, Wiltshire</i></a>. Society of Antiquaries of London. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85431-248-1" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85431-248-1">978-0-85431-248-1</a>.</span></div>
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<a href="http://cwr.naturalengland.org.uk/mapboards/pdfs/451940004.pdf" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cwr.naturalengland.org.uk/mapboards/pdfs/451940004.pdf</a></div>
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T. B. James; Christopher Gerrard (2007). <i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uOchAQAAIAAJ" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Clarendon: landscape of kings</a></i>. Windgather. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905119-10-3" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">978-1-905119-10-3</a>.</div>
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John Nichols (1833). <i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=95_PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA142" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i>. Survey of the Manor and Forest of Clarendon, Wilts.: E. Cave. pp. 142–.</div>
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<a href="http://www.winchester.ac.uk/academicdepartments/archaeology/Research/Pages/ClarendonPark.aspx" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.winchester.ac.uk/academicdepartments/archaeology/Research/Pages/ClarendonPark.aspx</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/all/?mode=project&id=263" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.dur.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/all/?mode=project&id=263</a></div>
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<i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VzwNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Journal of the British Archaeological Association</a></i>. British Archaeological Association. 1859. pp. 203–.<br /><br /><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Historic England Clarendon Palace </span><a href="https://goo.gl/Ni6cor" style="color: #888888; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration-line: none;">https://goo.gl/Ni6cor</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></span><a href="https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clarendon%20Palace&item_type=topic" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Clarendon Palace</a> - Revolvy </div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=er5hW8SQKLQ" style="color: #888888; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration-line: none;">Clarendon Palace, Wiltshire - YouTube</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://youtu.be/U85t5XDsGDA" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://youtu.be/U85t5XDsGDA</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_62483620" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /></a></div>
<a href="https://youtu.be/AZmhOvucdno" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://youtu.be/AZmhOvucdno</a></div>
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More images<br /><br /><a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/sites/default/files/publications/pubid-1056/images/fig13.gif" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/sites/default/files/publications/pubid-1056/images/fig13.gif</a><br />fig13.gif (GIF Image, 2332 × 2669 pixels) - Scaled (23%) - <a href="http://bit.ly/1SG3dBd" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bit.ly/1SG3dBd</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/sites/default/files/publications/pubid-1056/images/fig14.gif" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/sites/default/files/publications/pubid-1056/images/fig14.gif</a><br />fig14.gif (GIF Image, 1921 × 2026 pixels) - Scaled (31%) - http://bit.ly/1SG3BiS<br /> <br /><br /><a href="http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?gridref=SU1817330220&setref=Show+%3E&gridsquare=SU&eastings=19&northings=28" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">SU1830 :: Browse 18 Images :: Geograph Britain and Ireland</a><br /><br /><div align="left">
<b><span style="font-family: "segoe ui";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Roman roads and other historic routes in vicinity of Clarendon Palace</span></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/Topics/Engineering/roads/Britain/_Texts/CODROM/home.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="index">Roman Roads in Britain</a> by Thomas Codrington</div>
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Port-Way</div>
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<a href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/Topics/Engineering/roads/Britain/_Texts/CODROM/9*.html#4" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/Topics/Engineering/roads/Britain/_Texts/CODROM/9*.html#4</a></div>
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Roman Road Hub at Calleva [Silchester]</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum</a></div>
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Port-Way</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Way" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Way" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Way" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Way</a></div>
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Devil's Highway</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Highway_(Roman_Britain)" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Highway_(Roman_Britain)" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Highway_(Roman_Britain)</a></div>
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Iter Britanniarum</div>
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<a href="https://archive.org/details/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://archive.org/details/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://archive.org/details/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog</a></div>
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Map: <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Iter.Britanniarum.jpg" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Iter.Britanniarum.jpg</a></div>
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Iter XV [2 Kms from Clarendon Palace]</div>
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Venta Belgarum [Winchester] <> Brige [Broughton] <> Sorbioduni [Old Sarum]<br />Antonine Itinerary for Britain [ Iter Britanniarum]</div>
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<a href="https://archive.org/stream/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog#page/n409/mode/1up" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://archive.org/stream/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog#page/n409/mode/1up" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://archive.org/stream/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog#page/n409/mode/1up</a></div>
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Monarch's Way</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch's_Way" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch's_Way</a></div>
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Modern access to Clarendon Palace is via footpath known as The Clarendon Way</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Way" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Way</a><br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-48469231455454846512018-12-09T09:49:00.001+00:002018-12-09T13:08:32.546+00:00Garnier Life of St. Thomas Becket Chapter List<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/guernes-de-pont-sainte-maxence-garnier.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence (Garnier)</a></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/07/garnier-prologue.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Prologue</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
Stanzas 1-33
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/02/beckets-early-life-according-to-garnier.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Becket's Early Life</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 34-79</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/09/garnier-election-to-archepiscopacy.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Election to the Archepiscopacy</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 80-119</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/09/garnier-obtaining-pallium.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Obtaining the Pallium</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 120-128</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2016/05/garnier-fetching-beckets-pallium-from.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Fetching Becket's Pallium from the Pope, July 1162</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 120-128</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.rs/2013/01/council-of-woodstock-in-norman-french.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Council of Woodstock</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 151-154</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/10/garnier-councils-of-westminster-1163.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Councils of Westminster 1163 and Clarendon 1164</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 166-207</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/garnier-on-council-of-clarendon.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Council of Clarendon January 1164</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 185-209</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/12/garnier-john-of-oxfords-and-geoffrey.html" style="background: none; border-width: 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 13.2px; text-indent: -15px;" target="_blank">John of Oxford's and Geoffrey Ridel's mission to the Pope</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 210-221</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/10/garnier-on-criminous-clerics.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">On Criminous Clerics</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 222-284</span><br />
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/12/garnier-john-marshal-versus-thomas.html" target="_blank">Court Case - John the Marshal v. Thomas Becket</a> Stanzas 277-292</div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/11/garnier-state-trial-of-becket-at_23.html" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">State Trial of Becket at Northampton (Anglo-Norman)</a><span style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;"> Stanzas 293-397</span></h3>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/11/garnier-state-trial-of-becket-at.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">State Trial of Becket at Northampton</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> (English)
Stanzas 293-397</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/04/garnier-beckets-flight-into-exile.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Becket's Flight into Exile</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">398-447</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/11/garnier-lines-4766-4945.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">King's Delegation meets with the Pope</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 448-466</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/08/garnier-thomas-in-presence-of-pope.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Becket in the Presence of the Pope at Sens</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 467-478</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2013/10/garnier-content-of-constitutions-of.html" style="color: #5715c6; font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Content of the Constitutions of Clarendon in Norman French.</a><span style="color: #5715c6; font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas
479-512</span></div>
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<span style="background: none; border-width: 0px; text-indent: -15px;"><span style="background: none; color: #5715c6; font-size: 13.2px; text-indent: -15px;"><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/12/garnier.html" style="background: none; border-width: 0px; color: #5715c6; font-size: 13.2px; text-indent: -15px;" target="_blank">Henry's Anger at Thomas's Flight</a> Stanzas </span></span><span style="color: #5715c6; font-size: 13.2px;">513-545</span></div>
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/08/garnier-peters-pence.html" style="color: #5715c6;" target="_blank">Peter's Pence</a><span style="color: #5715c6;">
</span><span style="color: #5715c6; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 546-549</span>
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/08/garnier-coronation-of-young-king.html" target="_blank">Coronation of the Young King</a>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 550 - 556</span>
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/08/garnier-introduction-to-letters.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Introduction to the Letters</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 557-569</span></div>
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</span><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/07/garnier-letter-becket-to-king-henry-ii.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Garnier: Letter Becket to King Henry II, (</a><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/07/garnier-letter-becket-to-king-henry-ii.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;">Exspectans exspectavi</a><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/07/garnier-letter-becket-to-king-henry-ii.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;">)</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 570-608</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/07/garnier-letter-becket-to-king-henry.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Becket to King Henry (Desiderio desideravi)</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 609-636</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.pt/2017/06/garnier-letter-from-bishop-of-london-to.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Letter from the Bishop of London to Becket (Quae vestro)</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 637-664</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/07/becket-letter-to-gilbert-foliot-bishop.html?m=0" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Becket Letter to Gilbert Foliot, bishop of London (Mirandum et vehementer)</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 665-713</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2015/07/garnier-on-custom.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Garnier on Custom</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 714-722</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/11/garnier-life-of-thomas-at-pontigny.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Life of Thomas at Pontigny</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 723-760</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/11/garnier-becket-at-sens.html" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Becket at Sens</a><span style="font-size: 14px;">
</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">Stanzas 750-796</span></div>
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/10/garnier-attempts-at-reconciliation.html" target="_blank">Attempts at Reconciliation</a>
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/08/garnier-conference-at-montmirail.html" target="_blank">Conference at Montmirail January 1169</a>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 815 -843</span>
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/08/garnier-reconciliation-with-king-henry_54.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Reconciliation with King Henry at Fréteval</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 841-888
</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/09/garnier-meeting-of-becket-with-king-at.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Meeting of Becket with King Henry at Tours</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 889-917</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/09/garnier-becket-prepares-to-leave-for_13.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Becket Prepares to Leave for England, 11...</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 917-943</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/10/garnier-beckets-return-from-exile.html" target="_blank">Becket's Return from Exile, December 1170.</a> Stanzas 943-953</div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2018/11/garnier-954-989.html" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Becket tries to see the Young King</a><span style="font-size: 14px;"> Stanzas 954 - 989
</span></div>
<h3>
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/03/garnier-bishops-plot-december-1170.html" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">Christmastide 1170</a><span style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;"> Stanzas 990-1032
</span></h3>
<div>
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/01/garnier-martyrdom-29th-december-1170.html" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Becket's Martyrdom 29th December 1170</a><span style="font-size: 14px;"> Stanzas 1033-1131</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/04/garnier-events-immediately-after-murder.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Events Immediately After the Murder of Becket</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> Stanzas 1132 -1171</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/05/garnier-miracles-pilgrimages-and.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Miracles, Pilgrimages and Souvenirs</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 1172 - 1182</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
</span></div>
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</div>
<h3 style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/06/garnier-king-henrys-penitence-before.html" style="font: 14px Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;" target="_blank">King Henry's Penance before the Tomb of St Thomas Becket</a><span style="color: #222222; font: 14px "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font: 13.2px "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 1183-1218</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></h3>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/05/garnier-master-fermins-dream.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Master Fermin's Vision and Epilogue</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Stanzas 1219-1236</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2017/05/garnier-postscript-on-beckets-sister.html" style="font-size: 13.2px;" target="_blank">Postscript, on Becket's Sister</a></div>
<div style="font-size: 13.2px;">
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<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-53460578457463240422018-12-09T09:19:00.002+00:002018-12-09T09:38:06.786+00:00Garnier: Henry's Anger at Thomas's Flight <script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
Extract from<br />
<a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a> <br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/xyem88">https://goo.gl/xyem88</a><br />
Stanzas 513-545<br />
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Lines 2561-</div>
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<br />
513
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Or vus ai fait ici mult grant digressiun,
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Car ne voil en l’estoire fere corruptiun.
</div>
<div>
Or m’estuet revenir ariere a ma raisun,
</div>
<div>
La u li sainz s’en fu fuïz de Northantun ;
</div>
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2565 E que li reis en fist metrai en mun sermun.
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<br /></div>
<div>
514
</div>
<div>
Quant ot li reis Henris l’arcevesque s’en fuit,
</div>
<div>
Durement s’en marri, e si conseillier tuit.
</div>
<div>
Tuz les porz funt guaitier e de jur e de nuit,
</div>
<div>
Qu’il n’i puisse passer od plain chalant n’od vuit.
</div>
<div>
2570 Mais pur neent le fait, car Deus l’en ad conduit.
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<br /></div>
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515
</div>
<div>
Quant nel poent trover en trestut’Engleterre,
</div>
<div>
Ne trover nel purrunt, s’a Sanz ne l’augent querre,
</div>
<div>
Sun mautalent e s’ire li reis mustre e desserre.
</div>
<div>
As parenz saint Thomas ad prise si grant guerre
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2575 Que tuz les fist chacier hors de tute sa terre.
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
516
</div>
<div>
Tuz les en fist chacier, e hummes e muilliers,
</div>
<div>
Les clers enpersonez, burgeis e chevaliers,
</div>
<div>
Od filles e od fiz, od enfanz laiteniers.
</div>
<div>
Tut saisi en sa main, e terres e mustiers,
</div>
<div>
2580 E vif aveir e mort, blé, rentes e deniers.
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<br /></div>
<div>
517
</div>
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Tute l’arcevesquié aveit il nis saisie,
</div>
<div>
En rentes e en fius, en autre manantie ;
</div>
<div>
E a Randuf del Broc l’a livree en baillie,
</div>
<div>
[80] Qui tute a l’ués le rei ad la rente cuillie.
</div>
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2585 Del tut n’en pout aveir li sainz une demie.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
518
</div>
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De rien n’i pout aveir li sainz hum recovrier ;
</div>
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Ne nuls de tuz ses clers n’i osa repairier,
</div>
<div>
Ne nuls des suens n’i out a beivre n’a mangier,
</div>
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Ainz les ad fait li reis fors del païs chacier.
</div>
<div>
2590 Tut ad pris a sun ués tresqu’a un sul denier.
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<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
519
</div>
<div>
Ensi en sunt chacié li parent saint Thomas.
</div>
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Vunt en autre païs dolent, chaitif e las,
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<div>
E portent lur enfanz, lur robes e lur dras.
</div>
<div>
Veir se dit li vilains que « de si haut si bas » :
</div>
<div>
2595 Ainceis erent manant, or n’en i ad nul cras.
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<br /></div>
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520
</div>
<div>
Li arcevesques sist un jor a sun mangier.
</div>
<div>
Sis mareschals li vint la novele nuncier
</div>
<div>
Que li reis out tut fait sun lignage esseillier :
</div>
<div>
Ainz tierz di en avreit plus d’un cent tut entier.
</div>
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2600 Mais pur Deu l’en priout ne s’en volsist irier.
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<br /></div>
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521
</div>
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« Guilaume, se veïsse, fait li il, detrenchiez
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<div>
Serganz pur ceste cause, e parenz eschorchiez,
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E serurs e neveuz, n’en sereie esmaiez.
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Car a seür sereie e bien certefïez
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2605 Que salvé les avreit la divine pitiez. »
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<br /></div>
<div>
522
</div>
<div>
Ne pout en lui diables de nule part entrer.
</div>
<div>
Fait l’out de grant richesce e del païs jeter ;
</div>
<div>
Par sa char le voleit e par sun sanc trubler :
</div>
<div>
Par nul ennui ne pout sun esperit muer.
</div>
<div>
2610 Tut le mal qu’il suffri ne vus puet nuls mustrer.
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
523
</div>
<div>
Quant li sainz veit venir les suens a lui fuitiz,
</div>
<div>
E les enfanchunetz pendre as meres as piz,
</div>
<div>
E que lui e les suens aveit li reis proscriz,
</div>
<div>
Mielz volsist estre morz, mult fort est amatiz.
</div>
<div>
2615 Mais en Deu prent confort e es devins escriz.
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
524
</div>
<div>
Prist guarde a Habraam, a qui Deus comanda
</div>
<div>
Que de sa terre eissist ; e li bers s’en ala,
</div>
<div>
Guerpi ses conissanz, sa femme od sei mena.
</div>
<div>
Li reis pur sa beauté li toli e roba :
</div>
<div>
2620 Sauvement li rendi Deus e mult l’eshauça.
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<br /></div>
<div>
525
</div>
<div>
De Joseph li sovint, qui si altre noef frere
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<div>
Vendirent pur deniers, e distrent a lur pere</div>
<div>
Que devorez esteit d’icele beste fere.
</div>
<div>
Puis fu il en Egipte asez plus qu’enperere,
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2625 E guari ses parenz de la famine amere.
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
526
</div>
<div>
E de l’enfant Jesu se prist a recorder,
</div>
<div>
Que li angles del ciel fist en Egypte aler
</div>
<div>
Pur la poür d’Erode, qui dunc fist decoler
</div>
<div>
Les enfanz de dous anz ; car Deu quida tuer.
</div>
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2630 Mais es enfanz ne sout la deïté trover.
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
527
</div>
<div>
En teus essamples s’est granment reconfortez.
</div>
<div>
Mais nepurquant mult ert el corage trublez,
</div>
<div>
Quant essilliez esteit pur lui sis parentez ;
</div>
<div>
Kar pas n’aveit granz fius ne autres heritez
</div>
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2635 Qu’il lur peüst duner ; tant fu plus esguarez.
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<br /></div>
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528
</div>
<div>
En l’essil nepurquant li ad bien esteü :
</div>
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Car li reis Loëwis l’a del tut maintenu,
</div>
<div>
Lui e les suens trové quanque mestier lur fu ;
</div>
<div>
E li barun franceis le runt tant succuru,
</div>
<div>
2640 Bien pout aidier as suens qui la furent venu.
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<br /></div>
<div>
529
</div>
<div>
Quant ot li reis Henris de la pape conter
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<div>
Qu’il feseit par ses briefs les evesques mander,
</div>
<div>
A Clarendune ad fait sun concilie asembler.
</div>
<div>
Iluec voleit il faire as evesques jurer
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<div>
2645 Que nul d’els pur apel ne passereit mais mer,
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<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
530
</div>
<div>
E qu’a pape Alissandre de rien n’obeïreient,
</div>
<div>
Ne pur ses mandemenz nule rien ne fereient,
</div>
<div>
Ne que nul de ses briés des or ne recevreient,
</div>
<div>
N’a Thomas ne as suens de rien nen aidereient.
</div>
<div>
2650 Il ne l’unt pas juré, mais ensi l’otrieient.
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<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
531
</div>
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Li lai en furent mis par tut al serement.
</div>
<div>
(Rome est a Evrewic, Rogier a trop argent ;
</div>
<div>
Cil ad Angot od lui, dunc ad Rome en present !
</div>
<div>
Engleterre est enclose e de mer e de vent :
</div>
<div>
2655 Ne crient Deu ne ses sainz par un poi de turment.)
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
532
</div>
<div>
Encore aveit li reis comandé e bani
</div>
<div>
Que, s’en tute sa terre eüst clerc si hardi
</div>
<div>
Qui a Rume apelast, a l’ués le rei Henri
</div>
<div>
Sereient erramment tuit si chatel saisi
</div>
<div>
2660 E il mis en prisun, cum s’il eüst mal cri.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
533
</div>
<div>
Tuit apeleient dunc la presence le rei,
</div>
<div>
Plaidouent en sa curt ; n’i aveit mot de lei.
</div>
<div>
Traitié erent iluec povre clerc a beslei,
</div>
<div>
Car l’iglise en porteit li riches ovec sei.
</div>
<div>
2665 Bien puis dire pur veir ço que jo oi e vei.
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
534
</div>
<div>
E li deniers saint Piere fu dunkes retenuz,
</div>
<div>
Si fu a l’eschekier e portez e renduz ;
</div>
<div>
Li rivages de mer guaitiez e purveüz :
</div>
<div>
Se nuls aportast brief, e fust aparceüz,
</div>
<div>
2670 Qui de Rume venist, tost fust pris e penduz.
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
535
</div>
<div>
Mais pluisur en i vindrent par le comandement
</div>
<div>
L’apostolie Alissandre, mais mult celeement,
</div>
<div>
Qui aporterent briefs, tel de castiement
</div>
<div>
De ço que li prelat errouent malement,
</div>
<div>
2675 Tel de suspensiun e tel de damnement.<br />
<br />
536<br />
Dunc manda saint Thomas ses evesques par cunte.<br />
Nul d’els n’i volt aler fors Rogier, fiz le cunte.<br />
Erramment passa mer senz cungié de vescunte ;<br />
Ne fist a sun primat n’a saint’iglise hunte.<br />
2680 Set anz fu en eissil ; mult enprunta a munte.<br />
<br />
537<br />
Or oez les capitles que li reis enveiad<br />
As bailliz del païs ; e sis i aportad<br />
Vualters de Grimesbi (li escriz le numad),<br />
Vuimuns li chapelains, qui od li i alad.<br />
2685 Tost vus avrai conté ço que escrit i ad :<br />
<br />
538<br />
Se nuls brief el païs de la pape aportast,<br />
U que li arcevesques Thomas i enveiast,<br />
Qui la cristïenté defendist ne veast,<br />
Qu’il fust erramment pris e que l’um le guardast,<br />
2690 Desque li reis Henris sun voil en commandast.<br />
<br />
539<br />
Se clers, muines, chanuines u convers passast mer,<br />
Le brief a la justise l’en estuveit porter ;<br />
E se nuls revolsist en Engleterre aler,<br />
Le brief le rei portast qu’il volsist la passer.<br />
2695 Senz ço le fesist l’um prendre e enprisuner.<br />
<br />
540<br />
Ne nuls nul mandement ne tenist ne guardast<br />
Que pape u l’arcevesque Thomas i enveiast ;<br />
Ne nuls lur mandement el païs n’aportast.<br />
E se nul od tel brief clerc u lai encontrast,<br />
2700 Qu’il fust pris erramment e qu’um l’enprisunast.<br />
<br />
541<br />
Se pape u l’arcevesque nului entredesist,<br />
Se evesques u abes lur sentence tenist,<br />
Clers u lais ensement, hors del païs fuïst<br />
Od trestut sun lignage, k’un sul n’i remasist ;<br />
2705 Rien n’eüssent del lur, mais li reis tut presist.<br />
<br />
542<br />
Li clerc qui orent rentes e lur possessiuns,<br />
Qu’en chascune cunté fuissent treis feiz sumuns :<br />
Se repairier volsissent as rentes n’as maisuns,<br />
Ariere revenissent dedenz treis luneisuns,<br />
2710 U tuz dis remansissent mais en chaitivesuns ;<br />
<br />
543<br />
Tut lur aveir avreit tresqu’a un sul denier<br />
Li reis. – Car pur ço out fait cel ban denuncier,<br />
Que li clerc saint Thomas n’osouent repairier ;<br />
E par cele sumunse les voleit esluignier<br />
2715 E a tuz dis del tut proscrire e essillier. –<br />
<br />
544<br />
Li evesques de Lundres e cil de Norewiz<br />
Fuissent sumuns a dreit, ço ruva li escriz,<br />
Par devant les justises que li reis out esliz,<br />
Par quel raisun quens Hue ert par els entrediz<br />
2720 Sur decrez que li reis out el regne establiz.<br />
<br />
545<br />
– Veez cum grant dolur, quel mort e quel juïse<br />
Suffreit a icel tens la sainte mere iglise :<br />
Que sa dreiture faire n’osout ne sa justise ;<br />
E s’ele le fesist, la venjance en fust prise.<br />
2725 Pur les dreiz sa mere a li fiz sa teste mise. –<br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-969186150300359962018-12-09T08:02:00.000+00:002018-12-10T09:17:45.470+00:00Garnier: John of Oxford's and Geoffrey Ridel's mission to the Pope<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
<div>
Extract from</div>
<div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf" style="color: black;">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a> </div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<a href="https://goo.gl/xyem88" style="color: #444444; font-family: roboto, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">https://goo.gl/xyem88</a></div>
</div>
<div>
Stanzas 210 - 221</div>
<div>
Lines 1046 - 1105</div>
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<br /></div>
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210</div>
<div>
Quant veit li reis Henris del tut est repuiez, </div>
<div>
Vers l'arceveske fu mult durement iriez, </div>
<div>
E a pris sun conseil cument il ert pleissiez : </div>
<div>
Mult volentiers se fust, së il poiist, vengiez. </div>
<div>
Dune fu de mais engins sis conseilz esforciez : 1050 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
211</div>
<div>
Dune li unt conseillié e privé e baron </div>
<div>
S'il pôeit de la pape aver grëanteison </div>
<div>
Qu' a celui d'Everwiz doinst la légation, </div>
<div>
L'arceverke purra pleissir tut a bandon : </div>
<div>
Tut vendra a son pié, u bien voile u non. 1055 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
212</div>
<div>
Dune a dous de ses clers a la pape enveiez, </div>
<div>
Johan d'Oxeneford, ki esteit travailliez, </div>
<div>
E dan Geffrei Ridel, ki ert apareilliez </div>
<div>
Del message furnir ki lur esteit chargiez. </div>
<div>
A l'apostoile vont. Il les a repuiez, 1060 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
213</div>
<div>
Car l'iglise, ceo dit, de Seinte Ternité </div>
<div>
Fu e est e deit estre de grant auctorité ; </div>
<div>
Aine cele d'Everwiz n'ot sur li pôesté, </div>
<div>
Ne par lui n'en avra en trestut sun eé ; </div>
<div>
Ne unkes cil dui prélat n'orent ami esté. 1065 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
214</div>
<div>
Mes li uns des messages fu forment malveisiez : </div>
<div>
A la pape jura sur sainz, agenuilliez, </div>
<div>
De la legatïun se li reis n'esteit liez, </div>
<div>
Si tost cum les verreit el pais repairiez, </div>
<div>
L'arceveske serreit del chief amenuisiez. 1070 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
215</div>
<div>
Mes l'apostoile fu hum de mult grant saveir. </div>
<div>
Veit k'um deit fere mal pur le pis remaneir ; </div>
<div>
Dit la legatïun fera al rei aveir, </div>
<div>
Mes de nullui grever n'avra pur ceo pôeir, </div>
<div>
Ne celui d'Everwiz n'i purra asëeir. 1075 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
216</div>
<div>
Car unes altres lettres erranment escrivra, </div>
<div>
En la tere a un sun privé les tramettra. </div>
<div>
E se li reis Henris nullui grever voldra </div>
<div>
Par sa légation, défendre lui fera. </div>
<div>
Ja sa légation mestier ne li avra. 1080 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
217</div>
<div>
Li mesagier le rei furent mult vezïé.</div>
<div>
Quant virent qu'il esteient ensi poi avancié, </div>
<div>
L'apostôlie Alissandre unt ensi araisnié : </div>
<div>
« Sire, li reis vus ad porté grant amistié. </div>
<div>
Bien l i devriez faire ço qu'il vus ad preié. 1085</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
218</div>
<div>
Kar li reis nel fait pas pur nului deposer,</div>
<div>
Mais pur ço qu’il voldreit l’arcevesque mater</div>
<div>
E a sa volenté, s’il poeit, aturner ; </div>
<div>
E qu’il li peüst bien, veant ses clers, mustrer </div>
<div>
Que il le purreit bien, se il voleit, grever. 1090</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
219– Autre legatiun, fait lur il, n’i avrez. »</div>
<div>
Il fist ses briefs escrire, si lur aveit livrez. </div>
<div>
En Engleterre vunt, al rei les unt mustrez. </div>
<div>
Quant vit qu’il ne purra faire ses volentez, </div>
<div>
Mult aveit poi ces briefs e preisiez e amez. 1095</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
220</div>
<div>
Il en fist nepurquant mainte feiz mustreisun,</div>
<div>
Quel virent li evesque, li cunte e li barun ;</div>
<div>
Si lur diseit : « Veez, j’ai la legatiun.</div>
<div>
L’arcevesque puis metre en grant confundeisun. »</div>
<div>
Mais il ne li pot faire nul’altre greveisun. 1100<br />
<br />
<b>Translation</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">210</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">When king Henry saw he [Becket] had totally rejected everything, he became very very fiercely angry with the archbishop, and took counsel how he might subdue him. Very willingly he would seek vengeance, if it were possible, but then the counsels that he had received were reinforced with evil scheming. 1050</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">211</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">For then it was both his inner council and barons who had advised him, that if he could, from the Pope obtain a promise that if he, [the archbishop] of York, could be appointed [papal] legate [to England], archbishop [Becket] could be, at his pleasure, be brought totally under [his] control, completely well made to come [to fall at] his feet, whether he wanted [to do] it or not. 1055</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<b>Rough and Provisional Translation</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="height: 192px;">210</span></div>
<div>
<span style="height: 192px;">When the king realized that his request was totally rejected, he was extremely angry with the archbishop, and took the advice of his council to find out how he might defeat him. The whole council was seized with malice; and if he could, he would gladly have exacted revenge. 1050</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
211</div>
<div>
So his privy councillors and the magnates of the kingdom recommended to him, if he could, to obtain from the Pope the promise of giving the papal legateship to the Archbishop of York; through whom he could bend Archbishop Thomas to his will, whereby he would have to come, whether he liked it or not, to kiss his feet. 1055</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
212</div>
<div>
The king sent two of his clerics to the pope. John of Oxford and Master Geoffrey Ridel went to great lengths to fulfill the mission they were charged with. They met the pope who rejected their request. 1060</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
213</div>
<div>
The Church of the Holy Trinity [Canterbury], in fact, according to him, had, and must have great authority; never has that of York exercised any sovereignty over her, and never, in her lifetime, will he consent to allow it. Moreover never had these two prelates come to an agreement. 1065</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
214</div>
<div>
One of the envoys, however, was most treacherous. Kneeling, he swore [an oath] to the pope, on relics, that if the king were not satisfied with their embassy, as soon as they returned to the country, the archbishop would be beheaded. 1070</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
215</div>
<div>
But the pope was a man of very good [and great] sense. He saw clearly that one must choose between two evils to avoid the worst. He says that he will provide the king with the legateship; but he will not, for all that, have the opportunity [power] to punish anyone, or grant it to the Archbishop of York. 1075</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
216</div>
<div>
He will write another letter at once and send it to Great Britain to one of his trusted men. And if King Henry wants to use the legateship to harm anyone, the pope will oppose it. His legate will never [be allowed to] serve him in this way. 1080</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
217</div>
<div>
The messengers of the king were very crafty. When they saw that they were making but little progress, they addressed these words to Pope Alexander: <<The King has testified towards Your Holiness a great friendship. You should give him what he has asked you to. 1085</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
218</div>
<div>
Indeed the king does not ask you to dismiss someone, but because he wants the archbishop put down and, if possible, [to force him] to submit him to his will he might, in front of his clerics, show his capacity to do harm to him, if that were his will. 1090</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
219</div>
<div>
<<You will not obtain,>> he answered, <<a legateship with wider powers [from me].>> He had the letters [to the king of appointment of the legate] written and entrusted them to them. They went back to England and showed them to the king. When he saw that he could not do what he planned, he gave little esteem and value to these letters. 1095</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
220</div>
<div>
He did, however, mention it on many occasions, [and ensured] that bishops, counts, and barons saw them; he said to them, <<See, I have the [papal] legate. I can put the Archbishop in a difficult situation.>> But he could not bring against him any other accusation. 1100</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
221</div>
<div>
He conceived a great spite at being unable to do anything else, and sent the missives back to Pope Alexander. He waged a fierce war against the clerics and Holy Church, tormenting the clergy wherever he could, and testifying that the archbishop was his mortal enemy.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Alernative Rough Translation<br />
<br />
<div>
210 Seeing himself thus rejected, King Henry flew into a terrible rage against the archbishop. He asked his council how to bend him [to his will], for he wanted to avenge himself, if he could. [As a consequence] his advice was rich with deceit:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
211 Private advisers and notables told him that if he could obtain from the pope that he granted the [papal] legateship to the archbishop of York, he would have the archbishop of Canterbury submit as he pleased, so much so that he would have to throw himself helplessly at his feet.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
212 The king sent two of his clerics, John of Oxford and Geoffrey Ridel, to the pope, who performed the mission they were charged with: they went to the pope, but they were saved,</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
213 <<Because,>> said the pope, <<the Church of the Holy Trinity [Canterbury] had always been, was, and would be of great authority, never had York had any power over her, and whilst he lived him, she would not receive it. The two titular prelates had never agreed.>></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
214</div>
<div>
But one of the envoys was very devious. He fell on his knees before the pope, he swore on holy relics that if the king was not satisfied with the legateship, the archbishop would have his head cut off as soon as the mission returned to the country.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
215</div>
<div>
The pope was a man of great wisdom. He saw that it was necessary to do evil to avoid the worst, and replied that the King would obtain the required legateship, but without it having the power to injure anyone, nor that of installing the Archbishop of York as the legateship.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
216</div>
<div>
In fact, the pope would immediately write another letter, which he would send to the country to one of his relatives, who would be in charge if necessary to prevent King Henry from using the legation to harm someone: his Legation would never be of any use to him.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
217</div>
<div>
Seeing that they were making so little progress, the envoys were very cunning, addressing Pope Alexander in these words: <<Lord, the King does not cease to testify a great attachment to you: you should answer his prayer well,</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
218 </div>
<div>
>>Because he does not act in order to dismiss someone; but he would like to have the archbishop submit, and see if he can rally him to his will, if, however, he needs to be able to demonstrate to his clerics, that he could very well harm him if he wanted to.>></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
219</div>
<div>
<<You will not get any other legateship here.>> Said the Pope. The pope had his letter written and handed it to them. They returned to England and explained it to the king. When he realized that he could not carry out his plans, he held this document in a sorry light.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
220</div>
<div>
He made many displays of it, however, so as to have it seen by the bishops, counts, and notables; he said to them: <<See, I have the legateship. I can put the Archbishop in great embarrassment.>> But he was not able to cause him any injury.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
221</div>
<div>
As it was very painful for him not to profit more from this letter, he sent it back to Pope Alexander, and fought hard against the clergy and the Holy Church, molesting the clergy on every occasion and hounding the archbishop to death.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>References</b></div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ridel,_Geoffrey_(d.1189)_(DNB00)">Ridel, Geoffrey (d.1189) (DNB00) - Wikisource,</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Ridel_(bishop_of_Ely)">Geoffrey Ridel (bishop of Ely) - Wikipedia</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Oxford">John of Oxford - Wikipedia</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Oxford,_John_of_(DNB00)">Oxford, John of (DNB00) - Wikisource</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Edward Foss (1848). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ZKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The Judges of England: With Sketches of Their Lives, and Miscellaneous Notices Connected with the Courts at Westminster, from the Time of the Conquest</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 288–.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Edward Foss (1848). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ZKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA133" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The Judges of England: With Sketches of Their Lives, and Miscellaneous Notices Connected with the Courts at Westminster, from the Time of the Conquest</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 133–.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">John Morris (1885). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hw2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA114" rel="nofollow"><i>The Life and Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket</i></a>. Chapter XIV Negotiations: Burns and Oates. pp. 114–.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><a href="https://archive.org/stream/materialsforhist05robe#page/85/mode/1up">Materials for the history of Thomas Becket</a> Volume V pp.85-6 Epistola 50 [MTB 50]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><a href="https://archive.org/stream/materialsforhist05robe#page/91/mode/1up">Materials for the history of Thomas Becket,</a> Volume V pp 91-2 <span style="font-size: 11.43px;">Epistola 53 [MTB 53]</span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-16724021255237185242018-11-22T20:28:00.004+00:002018-12-03T08:20:15.753+00:00Garnier: Becket at Sens<div>
Extract from<br />
<a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/xyem88">https://goo.gl/xyem88</a><br />
Stanzas 750-796<br />
Lines 3746 - 3980<br />
<br />
<br />
750
</div>
<div>
Sire, fet li li abes, ne vus en cureciez.
</div>
<div>
Ja pur cest mandement n’en serez esluiniez</div>
<div>
Ke vus e tut li vostre a grant plenté n’aiez
</div>
<div>
Kanke mestier vus est, mielz k’ainz ne solïez.
</div>
<div>
3750 – Gré, fet il, vus en sace la divine pitiez. »
<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
751
</div>
<div>
Al rei de France ad un cel afaire mustré,
</div>
<div>
Coment li reis l’aveit de Punteigni osté.
</div>
<div>
Quant li reis l’ad oï, Deu en ad mercïé ;
</div>
<div>
[116] Or dunra l’arcevesque, s’il l’a en volenté,
</div>
<div>
3755 Ço qu’il li out sovent offert e presenté.
</div>
<div>
<br />
752
</div>
<div>
Car quant il fu de primes d’Engleterre fuitis,
</div>
<div>
Li reis de France l’a soventefeiz requis,
</div>
<div>
E par li e par autres, par clers e par hiamis,
</div>
<div>
Qu’entur lui remansist el regne saint Denis ;
</div>
<div>
3760 De quanqu’avreit mestier ne sereit point mendis.
</div>
<div>
<br />
753
</div>
<div>
Mais les offres le rei n’a il dunkes pas pris,
</div>
<div>
Car il cremi forment que li fiers reis Henris
</div>
<div>
Ne desist qu’il se fust e alïez e mis,
</div>
<div>
Tut pur li guerreier, od le rei Loëwis.
</div>
<div>
3765 Mais de ses offres prendre ne sera mais eschis.
</div>
<div>
<br />
754
</div>
<div>
Quant ot li reis de France qu’ensi l’en chacerunt,
</div>
<div>
Or le purra aveir, juint ses mains contremunt ;
</div>
<div>
Deu en a mercïé, qui guverne le mund.
</div>
<div>
« Jo crei, fait il, encore que angeles meskerrunt. »
</div>
<div>
3770 Pur les monies le dist, ki ensi ovré unt.
</div>
<div>
<br />
755
</div>
<div>
Mais li reis Loëwis sur sun cheval munta,
</div>
<div>
Prist ses hummes od li, a Punteigni ala.
</div>
<div>
Od le saint arcevesque dedenz capitle entra.
</div>
<div>
L’abé e tuz les monies durement mercia
</div>
<div>
3775 Del honur que li ber entur els trové a.
</div>
<div>
<br />
756
</div>
<div>
Car mult unt fait, ço dit, a France grant honur
</div>
<div>
De ço k’unt receté entr’els cel bon seignur.
</div>
<div>
Ne volt des ore mais qu’il aient la haür
</div>
<div>
Del rei Henri, quis volt deserter pur s’amur ;
</div>
<div>
3780 Or volt qu’il ait od lui des ore le sujur.
</div>
<div>
<br />
757
</div>
<div>
E dit qu’il le voldra a Sanz od sei mener ;
</div>
<div>
Quanque mestier li ert li fera tut trover,
</div>
<div>
E a lui e as suens, quanqu’il devront user.
</div>
<div>
Quant li seignur oïrent qu’il s’en deveit aler,
</div>
<div>
3785 De pitié comencierent tut li plus a plurer.</div>
<div>
<br />
758
</div>
<div>
Dunc fist li reis a Sanz ses homes enveier
</div>
<div>
[117] Tresqu’a Sainte Columbe, e fist apareillier
</div>
<div>
Maisuns u li sainz huem se peüst herbergier.
</div>
<div>
Dunc furent apelé sergant e buteilier,
</div>
<div>
3790 Que del suen li trovassent kank’il avreit mestier.
</div>
<div>
<br />
759
</div>
<div>
Quant li reis Loëwis fu bien aseürez
</div>
<div>
Qu’il avreit l’arcevesque, en France est returnez.
</div>
<div>
E l’arcevesques s’est de sun eire aprestez.
</div>
<div>
A Sainte Columbe est od sa maisnie alez.
</div>
<div>
3795 Tant cum il fu od els, mult i fu honurez.
</div>
<div>
<br />
760
</div>
<div>
De Sainte Columbe est juste Sanz l’abeïe,
</div>
<div>
Qui de neirs monies est e faite e establie.
</div>
<div>
Quatre anz i fu li ber, qui en Deu sul s’afie.
</div>
<div>
N’a empeirié de rien ne ses murs ne sa vie.
</div>
<div>
3800 A l’abé e as monies plut mult sa conpaignie. –
</div>
<div>
<br />
761
</div>
<div>
Quant veit li reis Henris qu’il purra remaneir
</div>
<div>
Od le rei Loëwis, qui tut sun estuveir
</div>
<div>
Li trova, e as suens, de sun demeine aveir,
</div>
<div>
El quer en fu dolenz, jel vus di tut pur veir.
</div>
<div>
3805 N’i remaindra, s’il puet. Tut i mist sun poeir.
</div>
<div>
<br />
762
</div>
<div>
Dunc fist sun fil Henri en France al rei aler,
</div>
<div>
E hume al fiz le rei devint, cumme sis ber,
</div>
<div>
Que il tendreit de lui la terre d’ultre mer.
</div>
<div>
Dunc veïssez entr’els les beaubelez duner
</div>
<div>
3810 E les chiens enveier e les oisaus porter.
</div>
<div>
<br />
763
</div>
<div>
E as baruns de France duna tant reis Henris
</div>
<div>
Que par granment doner les fist tuz ses amis,
</div>
<div>
E tut quida aveir le conseil del païs.
</div>
<div>
Dunc unt entr’els li rei un parlement asis,
</div>
<div>
3815 Qui fu a Saint Legier en Iveline pris.
</div>
<div>
<br />
764
</div>
<div>
Iluekes sunt andui lïé e ajusté
</div>
<div>
Qu’il serunt mais amis en estabilité ;
</div>
<div>
E d’ambes parz i furent li serement juré
</div>
<div>
Que nul d’els ne tendreit des ore en sun regné
</div>
<div>
[118] 3820 Nul enemi a l’altre. Dunc s’en sunt returné.
</div>
<div>
<br />
765
</div>
<div>
Un altre parlement unt a Turs purparlé ;
</div>
<div>
Mais n’i sunt pas Franceis a cele feiz alé.</div>
<div>
Car al rei Loëwis fu pur ço desloé</div>
<div>
Qu’il n’aveit el païs castel ne fermeté ;
</div>
<div>
3825 Ne sorent que li reis d’Engleterre ot pensé.
</div>
<div>
<br />
766
</div>
<div>
Dunc l’a li reis Henris de covent apelé ;
</div>
<div>
Dit que ne li tint pas ço qu’il li out juré,
</div>
<div>
Sun enemi mortel quant tant l’a receté,
</div>
<div>
Felun e traïtur de trestut sun regné.
</div>
<div>
3830 Li reis dit que d’iço n’i out ainc mot soné,
</div>
<div>
<br />
767
</div>
<div>
Ne que li arcevesques n’i fu amenteüz,
</div>
<div>
E qu’il li out tresbien ses covenanz tenuz ;
</div>
<div>
Mais se de felunie fust nuls huem convencuz,
</div>
<div>
E par jugement fust de sun païs eissuz,
</div>
<div>
3835 Qu’en nul liu de lur terres ne sereit retenuz.
</div>
<div>
<br />
768
</div>
<div>
Quant l’arcevesques ot que chacier le voldra
</div>
<div>
Li reis Henris, de France, e que tant s’en pena,
</div>
<div>
Ses briés ad fait escrire, e puis si li manda
</div>
<div>
Que pur neent s’en peine : ja pain ne li toldra ;
</div>
<div>
3840 Deus l’en durra asez, qui ja ne li faldra.
</div>
<div>
<br />
769
</div>
<div>
Car uns huem vint a li qui mult le conforta,
</div>
<div>
Qui tut sun estuveir, ço dit, li trovera,
</div>
<div>
E a vint homes plus encore qu’il n’en a.
</div>
<div>
E cinc cenz livres ultre de deniers li durra,
</div>
<div>
3845 Dunt ses altres busoines privees furnira.
</div>
<div>
<br />
770
</div>
<div>
Uns altres li pramist altresi grant honur,
</div>
<div>
Que ja ne li falsist pur nul humme a nul jur.
</div>
<div>
N’il ne cremi les reis, l’Engleis ne le Francur,
</div>
<div>
Aleman ne Tïeis, ne duc n’empereür.
</div>
<div>
3850 Mais li buens reis de France le retint a sujur.
</div>
<div>
<br />
771
</div>
<div>
Par un jur quant mult fu penez en oreisun
</div>
<div>
E par devant l’autel jut en afflictiun,
</div>
<div>
[119] Cum il esteit a us, od grant devotiun,
</div>
<div>
S’aparut Deus a lui en veire mustreisun,
</div>
<div>
3855 Si l’apela dous feiz Thomas, par sun dreit nun.
</div>
<div>
<br />
772
</div>
<div>
« En tun sanc, fist li il, m’iglise eshauceras.
</div>
<div>
– Qui es, Sire, fait il, qui ci visité m’as ?
</div>
<div>
– Jo sui Jesu, tis frere. Tu glorifieras
</div>
<div>
M’iglise par tun sanc, e eshaucié seras.
</div>
<div>
3860 – Einsi iert a mun voil », ço respondi Thomas.</div>
<div>
<br />
773
</div>
<div>
E a Sainte Columbe un’autre feiz sunga,
</div>
<div>
Sil me mustra pur veir cil qui il le conta :
</div>
<div>
En consistorie estut en plait, ço li sembla,
</div>
<div>
E encontre le rei d’Engleterre plaida,
</div>
<div>
3865 E li reis durement en cause le greva.
</div>
<div>
<br />
774
</div>
<div>
Hylaires de Cicestre le greva durement,
</div>
<div>
Gilebert Foliot de Lundres ensement ;
</div>
<div>
Li cardenal se tindrent al rei communement,
</div>
<div>
Si qu’en tute la curt n’out nul maintienement,
</div>
<div>
3870 Fors de pape Alissandre, kil maintint sulement.
</div>
<div>
<br />
775
</div>
<div>
Mais tant cria vers els, il vers li altresi,
</div>
<div>
Que tuz fu enroez de la noise e del cri.
</div>
<div>
Hylaires de Cicestre en la cause amuï ;
</div>
<div>
A l’evesque de Lundres tute la char purri,
</div>
<div>
3875 Que par menues pieces tuz sis cors dechaï.
</div>
<div>
<br />
776
</div>
<div>
Dunc fist saint Thomas prendre li reis senz nul demur
</div>
<div>
E escorchier le chief a cutaus tut entur.
</div>
<div>
Mais li ber n’i senteit anguisse ne dolur ;
</div>
<div>
E pur ço qu’il s’en rist, fu li reis en irur.
</div>
<div>
3880 E li sainz s’esveilla, qui fu en esfreür.
</div>
<div>
<br />
777
</div>
<div>
En la cause veïmes l’apostolie afeblir,
</div>
<div>
Qu’il ne pout l’arcevesque contre tuz maintenir ;
</div>
<div>
Hylaire de Cicestre veïmes amuïr
</div>
<div>
E repentir del mal qu’il out fait al martir.
</div>
<div>
[120] 3885 Or se guart cil de Lundres, ne vienge al dechaïr !
</div>
<div>
<br />
778
</div>
<div>
Mais jo quit dire veir de cele decaance :
</div>
<div>
Petit e petit est venuz a repentance ;
</div>
<div>
E ço est de la char par parz l’amenuissance.
</div>
<div>
Mais guart sei qu’il en face la pleniere amendance ;
</div>
<div>
3890 Altrement en prendra Deus la dreite vengance.
</div>
<div>
<br />
779
</div>
<div>
Li sainz huem fu sis anz en estrange contree.
</div>
<div>
Mult aveit dure vie e sufferte e menee ;
</div>
<div>
Neïs a ses privez l’aveit il mult celee.
</div>
<div>
Poi i ot, e des lais e de la gent letree,
</div>
<div>
3895 Fors sul treis, ki il ait sa vie demustree.
</div>
<div>
<br />
780
</div>
<div>
Li sainz huem ne fist mie ses servanz esveillier
</div>
<div>
Al main a sun lever, n’al vestir n’al chalcier.</div>
<div>
A sun premier labur en alout al mustier,
</div>
<div>
Honestement faiseit le Damnedeu mestier ;
</div>
<div>
3900 Cel ne voleit il pas pur altre rien laissier.
</div>
<div>
<br />
781
</div>
<div>
Entur midi chantout sa messe chascun jur ;
</div>
<div>
Del tut ert ententifs a servir sun Seignur.
</div>
<div>
Tut le plus del jur ert en un suen oratur,
</div>
<div>
Dedenz une chambrete, u faiseit sun labur.
</div>
<div>
3905 E fermout l’uis sur sei. Mes n’ert pas a sujur.
</div>
<div>
<br />
782
</div>
<div>
Quant ert entré laenz, dunc jut en oreisun
</div>
<div>
E en plur e en lermes e en afflictiun.
</div>
<div>
Ne sout nul la maniere de sun mal, se Deu nun,
</div>
<div>
Que il faiseit al cors, ne de la passiun.
</div>
<div>
3910 Del tut esteit li bers en contemplatiun.
</div>
<div>
<br />
783
</div>
<div>
De cele chambre isseit a ure de mangier,
</div>
<div>
Ne mie pur sun cors emplir ne encreissier,
</div>
<div>
Mais pur ço qu’il voleit sa maisnie haitier,
</div>
<div>
Les povres fameillus veeir e aaisier.
</div>
<div>
3915 Car sun estre voleit e covrir e muscier.
</div>
<div>
<br />
784
</div>
<div>
Le meillur vin usout que il trover poeit,
</div>
<div>
Mais pur le freit ventrail eschaufer le beveit ;
</div>
<div>
[121] Car le ventrail aveit, e le cors, forment freit.
</div>
<div>
E gingibre e girofre a puignies mangeit ;
</div>
<div>
3920 Nepurquant tut adès l’euve od le vin medleit.
</div>
<div>
<br />
785
</div>
<div>
E quant levez esteit li sainz huem de la table,
</div>
<div>
N’aveit cure d’oïr de chançun ne de fable
</div>
<div>
Ne de nul’altre chose, s’ele ne fust verable.
</div>
<div>
Mielz ameit a oïr del rei espiritable
</div>
<div>
3925 E guarder as escriz qui erent parmenable.
</div>
<div>
<br />
786
</div>
<div>
Quant veneit que li jurs ert en la nuit plungiez,
</div>
<div>
E li liz saint Thomas esteit apareilliez,
</div>
<div>
Desus un chaelit qui tut esteit quiriez,
</div>
<div>
D’une cuilte purpointe, d’un poi d’estraim junchiez,
</div>
<div>
3930 E de chiers linges dras e blancs e delïez.
</div>
<div>
<br />
787
</div>
<div>
Dunc ert en oreisun l’arcevesque Thomas
</div>
<div>
E en afflictiun, tant qu’il esteit tut las ;
</div>
<div>
E a la nue terre se culchout en ses dras
</div>
<div>
Que il aveit le jur ; ne changout altres pas.
</div>
<div>
3935 Ne cunurent sa vie ne li halt ne li bas.</div>
<div>
<br />
788
</div>
<div>
D’aspre haire aveit braies, de peil de chievre gros ;
</div>
<div>
D’un’altre haire aveit trestut sun cors enclos,
</div>
<div>
E les braz e les chutes e le ventre e le dos.
</div>
<div>
La vermine i esteit a torkes e a tors,
</div>
<div>
3940 Qui ne laissout aveir a sa char nul repos.
</div>
<div>
<br />
789
</div>
<div>
Encor faiseit il plus al cors mal endurer :
</div>
<div>
Chascune nuit faiseit sa char discipliner,
</div>
<div>
As curgies trenchanz e batre e descirer.
</div>
<div>
Robert de Meretune en sot le veir cunter,
</div>
<div>
3945 Qui saint’obedïence n’en osout trespasser.
</div>
<div>
<br />
790
</div>
<div>
Robert de Meretune sis chapelains esteit.
</div>
<div>
Mult li esteit privez ; en sa chambre giseit.
</div>
<div>
Mais quant vint a la mort, e vit le grant destreit,
</div>
<div>
Dunc a primes gehi ; car afïé l’aveit
</div>
<div>
[122] 3950 Qu’en trestut sun vivant sun estre ne dirreit.
</div>
<div>
<br />
791
</div>
<div>
Quant Robert ert culchiez, e deüst reposer,
</div>
<div>
Tantes afflictiuns, ço dist, perneit li ber,
</div>
<div>
Bien le tierz de la nuit ne voleit il cesser ;
</div>
<div>
Dunc veneit a Robert e sil faiseit lever,
</div>
<div>
3955 Baillout lui les curgies a lui discipliner.
</div>
<div>
<br />
792
</div>
<div>
Quant tant l’aveit batu qu’il esteit tut lassez
</div>
<div>
E de pitié conpunz, d’anguisse tresuez,
</div>
<div>
Getout jus les curgies od tuz les chiefs nuez.
</div>
<div>
« Chaitif, faiseit il dunc, pur quei fui unches nez ?
</div>
<div>
3960 De tuz les chaitifs sui li plus mal eürez. »
</div>
<div>
<br />
793
</div>
<div>
Mais quant li chapelains s’esteit alez culchier,
</div>
<div>
Sainz Thomas nel voleit encor a tant laissier :
</div>
<div>
Il meïmes perneit sun cors a depescier,
</div>
<div>
A l’une de ses mains sa char a detrengier.
</div>
<div>
3965 Poi li fu de la char, tant out le quer entier.
</div>
<div>
<br />
794
</div>
<div>
E cil Roberz gehi, quant dut estre confès,
</div>
<div>
Puis que li sainz reçut del sacrement le fes,
</div>
<div>
K’ainc puis ne fu un jur u nuit qu’il eüst pes,
</div>
<div>
Que il ne fust batuz cinc feiz u quatre adès,
</div>
<div>
3970 U treis a tut le mains ; n’en volt aveir relès.
</div>
<div>
<br />
795
</div>
<div>
Tele vie mena li huem Nostre Seignur.
</div>
<div>
Mais rebainnez esteit al quarantisme jur ;</div>
<div>
Sa haire remuot pur vers e pur suur,
</div>
<div>
Un’altre reperneit, qu’il out mis en sujur.
</div>
<div>
3975 Pur Deu suffri adès e mesaisse e dolur.
</div>
<div>
<br />
796
</div>
<div>
Tele vie mena li sainz huem e suffri,
</div>
<div>
N’a nul humme suz ciel nel mustra ne gehi,
</div>
<div>
Fors a Brun sun vaslet, si cum dire l’oï,
</div>
<div>
Qui ses haires lava e de ço le servi,
</div>
<div>
3980 E Robert sun proveire, qui les nuiz le bati. –<br />
<br />
<br />
Rough Translation<br />
<br />
750<br />
"My grace," replied the abbot [of Pontigny], "do not be angry at this situation. Never will this injunction be enough to keep you away from us: you and yours will have in abundance, even better than before, all the goods you need. "May the divine mercy be grateful to you," answered Thomas.<br />
<br />
751<br />
This affair was reported to the King of France. He was shown how the King of England had driven Thomas from Pontigny. When the king heard it, he thanked God for it as henceforth he would be able to give the archbishop, if he so desired it, what he had often offered him.<br />
<br />
752<br />
Not long after Thomas had fled from England, the King of France had often begged him, personally or through clergy or friends, to remain by his side in the kingdom protected by Saint Denis, [saying that] he would not have to beg for what he needed.<br />
<br />
753<br />
But Thomas did not accept the King's offers, for he feared that the fierce King Henry would pretend that he had entered into an alliance with the King of France for the sole purpose of making war on him. Now, indeed, he will no longer [have any reason to] refuse to accept his proposals.<br />
<br />
754<br />
When the King of France learnt that they were going to drive him [Becket] out of the monastery [at Pontigny] and that he couldnow have him by his side, he raised raising his joined hands to heaven. He thanked God who governs the world. <<I believe,>> he added, <<there are still angels who are unfaithful.>> So he said, thinking of the monks who have acted so badly.<br />
<br />
755<br />
Then King Louis mounted his horse, took his men with him, and went to Pontigny. Accompanied by the holy archbishop, he entered the chapter house. He warmly thanked the abbot and all the monks for the signs of honour which they had reserved for the holy man.<br />
<br />
756<br />
They have done great honour for the kingdom of France, he said, when they have brought amongst them this good prelate. From now on he did not want them to be the victims of the hatred of King Henry who wants to ruin them because of the friendship they had for Thomas; that he now wants him to stay at his court.<br />
<br />
757<br />
He announced that he wanted to take him with him to Sens and that he would provide him and his familiars with everything that they need. When the monks learned that he has to leave, sadly most of them started to cry.<br />
<br />
758<br />
Then the king sent his men to the abbey of Sainte-Colombe, near Sens, and prepared apartments to house the holy man. Servants and butlers were summoned to furnish him with all the necessities of the royal bounty.<br />
<br />
759<br />
When King Louis had obtained assurance that the [abbey of Sainte-Colombe] would receive the Archbishop, he returned to France. The archbishop prepared to make the trip. Accompanied by his following, he went to Sainte-Colombe. As long as he lived in this monastery, he was particularly honoured.<br />
<br />
760<br />
The abbey of Sainte-Colombe, is one the houses of black Benedictines. It is located near Sens; the good man, who relies only on God, stayed there for four years. he abandoned nothing of the rigour of his manners and life. The abbot and the monks were full of praise for having him amongst them.<br />
<br />
761<br />
When King Henry realized that Thomas could prolong his stay with King Louis, who had placed his own property at his disposal and at the disposal of his familiars, he suffered in his heart, I assure you ever so formally. If he could, he would prevent him from staying there, so he did not hesitate to use all his strength to achieve this end<br />
<br />
762<br />
He then sent his son Henry to the court of France, where he paid homage to the son of King Louis, promising him, as his vassal, to hold of him the possessions he held overseas [in France]. You would then have seen between them a great exchange of presents; they sent [each other] jewels, dogs and birds for hunting.<br />
<br />
763<br />
The King of England gave so much to the great lords of France, that, by his largesse, he acquitted them all with his friendship, and thus thought himself master of the whole council of the kingdom. The kings then agreed to hold between them an assembly which was to meet at Saint-Léger-en-Yvélines.<br />
<br />
764<br />
There they made an agreement that they would now be friends in a sustainable way; they swore never to tolerate in their kingdom the presence of any man who was the enemy of their ally; then they returned.<br />
<br />
765<br />
They had agreed to hold another assembly at Tours; but this time the French refrained from participating. It was indeed remarked to King Louis that he had no castle or fortified place in this region. They did not know what the King of England had planned.<br />
<br />
766<br />
Then King Henry recalled the King of France to his promises. He reproached him for not being faithful to his oath, since he had received with so much pleasure that he was his mortal enemy, a felon and a traitor to all his kingdom. King Louis replied that no one had ever said a word about it,<br />
<br />
767<br />
that the archbishop had not been mentioned in the agreement and that he had, for his part, scrupulously respected his commitments. He confirmed, on the other hand, that any individual convicted of felony who was banished from his country by the sentence of a tribunal would not find an asylum in any place of their kingdoms.<br />
<br />
768<br />
When the archbishop knew that King Henry was trying to drive him out of France, and that he devoted so much trouble to realizing this project, he informed him by letter that he was getting tired for nothing: he would never deprive him of his bread; God, who would never abandon him, would provide him with enough.<br />
<br />
769<br />
For there came a man to him, comforting him; sayin he would lavish on him everything that he could need, and even as much as twenty men more than his own followers. In addition, he would give him five hundred livres in cash for his personal use.<br />
<br />
770<br />
Another, in that same way, promised to treat him with very much honour, and never to abandon him despite anyone else; he did not fear kings, neither England, nor France, nor the Germans from the south or the north, nor the duke, nor the emperor. But the good king of France did not cease to assure him his retirement.<br />
<br />
771<br />
One day, when Thomas had broken down in prayer and was afflicted, he prostrated himself before the altar, according to his custom in a great impulse of devotion. God really appeared to him and twice called him "Thomas", his very name.<br />
<br />
772<br />
<<With your blood,>> he said, <<you will elevate my Church. - Who are you, my lord, you who come here to visit me? - I am Jesus your brother. You will glorify my Church with your blood and you will be sanctified.>><br />
<<So be it, I accept it,>> answered Thomas.<br />
<br />
773<br />
At Sainte-Colombe he had a second dream; the one whom he reported it to assured me the authenticity of the information: it seemed to him that he made a plea before the Pope's consistory, and that his adversary was the king of England; the king made very serious accusations against him.<br />
<br />
774<br />
Hilary, bishop of Chichester, and Gilbert Foliot, bishop of London, overwhelmed him with grievances; the cardinals were in common cause with the king, so that in all this court Thomas could not find anyone to defend him there, except for Pope Alexander, who alone supported him.<br />
<br />
775<br />
But there was so much shouting on both sides that, by dint of shouting in this racket, he was hoarse. Hilaire de Chichester, during the trial, lost the faculty of speaking and all the flesh of the bishop of London began to rot so that his whole body was ragged.<br />
<br />
776<br />
Then the king hastened to seize Saint Thomas and made him skin the circumference of the head with a knife. This torture did not cause the archbishop any trouble or pain; and the king who saw him laughing became mad with anger. The saint who was frightened by this dream awoke then.<br />
<br />
777<br />
We saw the pope lose his power in the trial because he could not support the archbishop against all. We saw Hilaire de Chichester become dumb and repent of the May he had done to the martyr. Now let the Bishop of London beware of falling apart!<br />
<br />
778<br />
However, from this physical lapse, I propose an interpretation that seems right to me; little by little he has come to repent. This is the progressive destruction of his body. However, let him make sure that he is completely ameliorated; otherwise God will take a justified vengeance-<br />
<br />
779<br />
The holy man stayed abroad for six years. He had suffered and endured a very painful life; even to his intimates he had carefully concealed it. There were no laymen or clerics, except three people, to whom he revealed his life.<br />
<br />
780<br />
He did not wake his servants in the morning when he got up, nor to dress, nor to put on shoes. His first task was to go to church and scrupulously celebrate the divine service; for nothing in the world he did not want to give it up.<br />
<br />
781<br />
Around noon, every day, he sang his Mass; in all he was careful to serve his Lord. He spent most of the day in his oratory, in a small room where he worked. He locked himself in but did not rest.<br />
<br />
782<br />
When he had entered it, he was crumbling in prayers, in tears, in tears, and in affliction. There was only God who knew the nature of the torments he inflicted on his body and the extent of his sufferings. The archbishop lived in a perfect state of contemplation.<br />
<br />
783<br />
From this room he went out at mealtime, not to feed himself and fatten the body, but because he wanted to please his entourage, see and relieve the poor hungry. He wanted to conceal and keep secret the way he lived.<br />
<br />
784<br />
He drank the best wine he could find, but he drank it to dispel the cold that gripped his belly; because he had the belly and the body, prone to ice. He consumed ginger force and cloves; however, he always cut his wine with water.<br />
<br />
785<br />
The saintly man, after having risen from the table, did not care to hear songs, stories, or other works, unless it were true stories. He preferred to hear about the King of Heaven and to study the writings of which the truth was eternal.<br />
<br />
786<br />
When the time came when the day was giving way to the night, the bed of St. Thomas was being prepared; on a bedstead which was entirely covered with leather, a little straw, a short-stitch and rich sheets of white and fine linen were spread out.<br />
<br />
vv. 3931 to 3960<br />
<br />
787<br />
Then the archbishop began to pray and grieve until he was worn out with fatigue; he lay down on the ground, preserving the clothes he wore during the day; for he did not wear others to sleep. Neither the great lords nor the poor people knew his life.<br />
<br />
788<br />
He wore goatskin underwear on his legs, coarse, rough, and mortifying; another haire enveloped his whole body, his arms, his elbows, his belly, and his back; the vermin swarmed in packets and left no rest for his flesh.<br />
<br />
789<br />
He did more to torment his body: he was disciplined every night, he was beaten and tearing with sharp strips. Robert de Merton knew how to relate the truth, he who did not dare to break the rules of silence imposed by holy obedience.<br />
<br />
790<br />
Robert de Merton, who was his chaplain, lived in his privacy and slept in his room. However, when the hour of his death came and he became aware of his distress, only then did he confess the truth; for he had promised the archbishop not to reveal anything, as long as he lived, of his private life.<br />
<br />
791<br />
When Robert was in bed, at the hour when he was supposed to rest, the holy man inflicted himself, according to Robert, so many punishments that he did not cease to impose them for a good third of the night; He came to find Robert, made him get up, and gave him the thongs to strike him.<br />
<br />
792<br />
When he had thrashed him to the point of being weary, seized with pity and sweating with anguish, he threw on the ground the scourge which ended in knots. <<Wretch,>> said he, <<why was I born? Of all the wretches I am the most unfortunate.>><br />
<br />
793<br />
But when his chaplain had gone to bed, St. Thomas still did not want to put an end to his torment: he himself began to bruise his body, tearing his flesh with his hands. He did not care much for the flesh, so strong was his soul.<br />
<br />
794<br />
And Robert confessed, when he came to confession, that, from the day the holy man was ordained, he did not pass a day or a night without being beaten four or five times - at least three times; he never wished to have a respite.<br />
<br />
795<br />
This is the life that led the man of God. Every forty days he took a bath; because of sweat and vermin, he changed his way; he took back another which he had put to rest. For God, pain and suffering never ceased.<br />
<br />
796<br />
Such is the life that the holy man led and endured, but he did not share it with anyone in the world except his valet Brun who, as I have heard, was busy washing his haires. and his chaplain Robert, who was hitting him during the night.<br />
<br />
797<br />
The glorious king of France, during this time, diligently employed to reconcile Saint Thomas and King Henry. The pope often sent letters to those who attended the meetings to reach a conciliation<br />
<br />
798<br />
A meeting was held at Pontoise; the pope, therefore, went to Paris; the archbishop attended, whose case was the object of this meeting. But when King Henry knew for sure that the Pope would take part in the meeting, he turned back.<br />
<br />
Alternative Rough Translation<br />
<br />
749 <<But may the meek Jesus be grateful to you for the kindness that you and yours have shown me and mine: we have had nothing to lack for, neither food and clothing. God will guide me, because he is always at my side: He slaughters the proud and takes away the poor from the waste pit.>><br />
<br />
750 << My lord,>> said the abbot, <<do not fret. You will not be sent away from here anytime soon because of this letter. You will receive in plenty, and more than before, all that you need for yourself and yours. May the Divine Mercy bring grace upon you! >><br />
<br />
751 The matter was reported to the King of France, who thus learned how Thomas had been expelled from Pontigny. He gave thanks to God, for if the Archbishop wanted it, he was now [able] to give him what he had often offered and wished to give him.<br />
<br />
752 Indeed, soon after Thomas had fled from England, the King of France repeatedly invited him, directly or through clerks and friends, to stay near his home in the kingdom of Saint Denis, saying that he would not need to beg for sustenance!<br />
<br />
753 At the time Thomas had not accepted these proposals from the King, because he feared that his haughty sovereign would say that he made an alliance with Louis for the sole purpose of attacking him. But now he would not refuse to accept his offer.<br />
<br />
754 When the King of France heard that he was going to be cast out, in order that he could receive him at home he raised his hands towards heaven, clasping them together, thanking God, He who governs the world. <<I cry,>> he said <<that there are still angels who fall [from Grace].>>, for he said it was the monks who had thus done it.<br />
<br />
755 Then King Louis rode on horseback and, with his men, to Pontigny. He went into the chapter house with the holy archbishop, and thanked the abbot and all the monks warmly for having offered him an honorable situation amongst them.<br />
<br />
756 For in giving him asylum, as they have done, he said, brought great honour to France. But he does not want them now to be prey to the hatred of King Henry, who wants to expel them because of the good prelate, that he now wanted him to establish himself henceforth at his home.<br />
<br />
757 It was his will to take him to Sens and give him everything that he and his familiars would need. When the reverend fathers heard that Thomas was about to leave, most of them began to cry with pity.<br />
<br />
758 The king then sent his men to Sens, as far as Sainte-Colombe, to prepare apartments for where the holy man could live. And he ordered those who were to take care of him to find everything that he needed.<br />
<br />
759 When King Louis assured him of having the archbishop on his land, he returned to the city. As for the archbishop, he made preparations for his journey and did not return to Sainte-Colombe with his following. Throughout his stay there, he had been honoured.<br />
<br />
760 Sainte-Colombe is an abbey of Benedictines. The holy man stayed there for four years, trusting to God alone, and not giving up the austerity of his way of life. His company was agreeable to the abbot and the monks.<br />
<br />
761 When King Louis had, out of his own coffers, procured for Thomas and his own all that was needed bythem, King Henry understood that the Archbishop would probably remain in France, and he had a sad heart, I assure you. . He would prevent that, if possible, and he worked with all his might.<br />
<br />
762 He sent his son Henry to the court of France, where he became the vassal of the king's son: his baron would be his guardian for the country beyond the Channel. You could have seen them exchange knickknacks, get dogs to carry hawks.<br />
<br />
763 Moreover, King Henry gave all the barons of France so many great gifts that he had friends, and he thought he had dominated the council of the kingdom, so the two kings arranged an interview, which took place at Saint Léger in Yvelines.<br />
<br />
764 There, they pledged to each other themselves to be for ever good friends, and that each swore in the future. that he would not harbour in his kingdom an enemy of the other. Then, they parted.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
765<br />
Another meeting was arranged to be held in Tours. but this time, the French did not go there. King Louis had been discouraged because he had neither castles nor fortresses in that region. and that he did not know the intentions of the King of England.<br />
<br />
766<br />
He [king Henry] then demanded enactment of the agreement, saying that Louis had not kept his oath, since he had for so long given asylum to his mortal enemy, a felon, a traitor to his whole kingdom. The King of France replied that there had never been any [specific] mention of this in their agreement,<br />
<br />
767<br />
that the archbishop had not been mentioned, and that he had very well respected his agreemernt. It was only if and when a man had been convicted of felony and<br />
condemned by judgment to exile that then they would not have met the needs anywhere in their respective countries.<br />
<br />
768<br />
When the Archbishop learned that King Henry was about to drive him out of France, and that he had given himself so much trouble, he wrote to him and<br />
sent a letter saying that he was a lost in sorrow: that he would not take away the bread from out of his mouth, for God would provide for him plenty, without ever failing him.<br />
<br />
769<br />
Someone came to see him and had comforted him, saying that he would get everything he needed, even if his household had twenty persons. Furthermore; he would also give him five hundred pounds in cash, which he could use as he saw fit.<br />
<br />
770<br />
Someone else promised him such an honour, assuring him that he would never leave him for anyone; and that he did not fear kings, English or French, he feared neither German nor people from the Low Countries, whether he was Duke or Emperor. But that the good king of France continued to maintain the archbishop.<br />
<br />
771<br />
One day he had broken into prayer and was, as usual. humbly and devoutly prostrate before the altar, God appeared to him in a real vision, calling him twice by his true name, Thomas.<br />
He said to him: <<It is by your blood that you will restore my Church.<br />
<<Who are you, Lord, to come to visit me here?>><br />
<br />
772 <<I am Jesus, your brother. You will glorify My Church with your blood, and you will be glorified with love.>><br />
<<I accept that. So be it,>> replied Thomas.<br />
<br />
773 Another time at St. Colombe he had a dream; he who related it to me declared it to be true. It seemed to him that he was being tried in the [Papal] consistory court. He was defending himself against the King of England, who had made serious accusations against him.<br />
<br />
774 Hilary of Chichester and Gilbert Foliot of London also attacked him. The cardinals made common cause with the king, so that in the whole of this court Thomas had no support from anyone except for Pope Alexander, who was the only one to defend him.<br />
<br />
775 But he shouted so much against the others, as did the others against him, that he completely injured himself because of the noise and cries. Hilary of Chichester was struck dumb during the trial; the bishop of London saw all of his flesh rot away, so that his whole body crumbled into pieces.<br />
<br />
776 Then the king quickly seized St. Thomas, and scratched his head all around with the edge of his sword. But he [St. Thomas] felt neither anguish nor pain, and he began to laugh at it, which provoked the wrath of the king. Then the saint awoke, for he was terrified.<br />
<br />
777 In the affair, we saw the Pope lose power because he could not support the archbishop against all; we saw Hilary of Chichester shut up and repent of the harm<br />
done to the martyr. May the Bishop of London take care not to fall apart!<br />
<br />
778 But I will tell you the meaning of this dream: he came little by little to repent, and that is what it means to deteriorate one's flesh piece by piece. However, he made sure completely to repent for his sin, otherwise God would take a just revenge.<br />
<br />
779 The holy man lived six years in a foreign land. He led and endured a very austere life, which he hid well, even from his familiars; and he did not sleep late,<br />
but rose every day at dawn.<br />
<br />
780 He did not awake his servants in the morning to get up, so that they could dress and clothe him. His first care was to go to church, to serve the Lord worthily: he would not have abandon that for anything else;<br />
<br />
731 Around noon he celebrated mass every day. Devoting himself entirely to serving his Lord, he spent most of the day in an oratory on his own, laid out<br />
in a little room, where he gave himself up to his pious duties. If he closed the door upon himself, it was not to rest!<br />
<br />
782 Once there, he remained prostrate in prayer and wept profusely in all humility. No one except God knew in what way he was abusing his body, what agony<br />
he was suffering. He was all about contemplation.<br />
<br />
783 The holy man came out of this room at mealtime, not to fill his body and fatten it, but because he wanted to please his entourage, to see and assist the poor and hungry: he wanted, in fact, to conceal as best he could his way of life.<br />
<br />
784 He drank the best wine that he could be found, but he drank it to warm his stomach, because it was very cold, like his whole body, and he ate fistfulls of ginger and cloves. Nevertheless, he always mixed his wine with water.<br />
<br />
785 When he got up from the table, he did not care to listen to any chanson de geste [songs of heroic deeds] or other stories, unless they were truthful, and he preferred to listen about Our Heavenly King and to devote himself to the scriptures which will remain forever.<br />
<br />
786 When the time came when day was turning into night, the bedding of St. Thomas lay down on a bedstead covered with leatherand which was strewn with a little straw: a quilt and dear linen sheets, white and smooth.<br />
<br />
787 Then, the archbishop prayed for contrition, up to the point of exhaustion. And then, in the same clothes that he wore during the day (he did not put others on), he lay on the bare ground until he heard the bell ring the call to prayer or alarm sounded.<br />
<br />
788 He wore rough underwear made from coarse goat hair, and another coarse hair-shirt enveloped him all his body, arms and forearms, stomach and back. Therein vermin swarmed, leaving no rest for his flesh.<br />
<br />
789 He imposed on his body even more torments. Every night, he suffered discipline, the beating and tearing of the flesh with these scathing scourges. Robert de<br />
Merton was able to tell the truth about it, even though he did not dare to break holy obedience in this matter.<br />
<br />
790 Robert of Merton was his chaplain and very intimate with him: he slept in his room. But it is only at the hour of death, when he saw the coming of his agony,<br />
that he testified. He had indeed promised Thomas that during his life he would not reveal these practices.<br />
<br />
791 When Robert was in bed and would have been entitled to rest, the holy man indulged himself, says he, to so many mortiñcations that he ceased before the third of<br />
the night; he then came to Robert, made him get up and passed him the discipline to be ñageller.<br />
<br />
792 When Robert had beaten him so much that he himself was exhausted. Taking pity and sweating with anguish, he threw down the scourge with its knotted ends. <<Unhappy,>> said he, "why did I come into the world? Of all the unfortunate I am the worst off.>><br />
<br />
793 And when the chaplain had gone to bed again, St. Thomas still did not want to stop there. He himself began to tear his body, to lacerate his flesh with<br />
his own hand. Flesh was nothing to him; so much did he have a pure heart.<br />
<br />
794 And this same Robert, about to confess, testified that since he bore the burden of the coronation, the saint had never known peace, day or night, unless he had<br />
been spotted five times, or four well counted, or at least three; he did not want give it away.<br />
<br />
795 This was the life that the man of Our Lord led. Every forty days he bathed and changed his shirt because of the vermin and sweat, and put on another, which he held in reserve. It was for the sake of God that he always endured discomfort and pain.<br />
<br />
796 So this how he lived and suffried our holy man, without showing or confessing it to anyone except, so I have heard, to Brun, his valet, whose service was washing his hair clothes, and to his chaplain, Robert, who his was gellait during the night.<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_Sainte-Colombe_de_Saint-Denis-l%C3%A8s-Sens">Abbaye Sainte-Colombe de Saint-Denis-lès-Sens</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_of_Sens">Columba of Sens - Wikipedia</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictines">Benedictines - Wikipedia</a><br />
<br />
Francis Palgrave (1857). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hI04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78">The History of Normandy and of England: I-IV</a>. CUP Archive. p. 78<br />
<br />
John Morris (1885). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hw2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA190">The Life and Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket</a>. Chapter XXII Sens: Burns and Oates. pp. 190–.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/details/thmassagaerkiby01magngoog/page/n390">Thómas Saga Erkibyskups: A Life of Archbishop Thomas Becket, in Icelandic, with English ... : Eiríkur Magnússon</a> pp 373-<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge">Scourge - Wikipedia</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-91860342784050267132018-11-20T06:29:00.001+00:002018-11-22T22:20:34.992+00:00Garnier: King's Delegation meets with the Pope, November 1164Extract from<br />
<a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/xyem88">https://goo.gl/xyem88</a><br />
Stanzas 448-466<br />
Lines 2236 - 2330<br />
<br />
<br />
448 <br />
De Compiegne se sunt li messagier turné.<br />
E frere Franc ad bien sun message achevé :<br />
L’apostolie l’a dit ; il l’a bien esculté.<br />
L’arcevesque Thomas ad ore tant erré<br />
2240 Que venuz est a Sanz, u la pape ad trové.<br />
<br />
449<br />
Mais ainceis que venist a Sanz li Deu amis,<br />
Eut li reis a la pape ses messagiers tramis,<br />
Evesques e baruns e chevaliers de pris.<br />
Li apostolies ert de Rume idunc fuitis,<br />
2245 E surjorna a Sanz meis, semaines e dis.<br />
<br />
450<br />
L’arcevesques i vint qui d’Evrewic ert maistre,<br />
Vuit li Rus, e l’evesque i vint de Wirecestre,<br />
E li quens d’Arundel e Richarz d’Ivecestre,<br />
Johanz d’Oxeneford, l’evesque d’Execestre,<br />
2250 Hue de Gundevile, Hylaires de Cicestre.<br />
<br />
451 <br />
Cil de Saint Waleri, Renals, i est venuz,<br />
Henris li fiz Gerold, qui ert des reaus druz,<br />
Gilebert Foliot, qui ne s’i fist pas muz,<br />
E des autres plusurs, e jovenes e chanuz.<br />
2255 Tels i parla purquant qui fu pur fol tenuz.<br />
<br />
452<br />
Devant la pape esturent li messagier real.<br />
Alquant diseient bien, pluisur diseient mal,<br />
[70] Li alquant en latin, tel buen, tel anomal,<br />
Tel qui fist personel del verbe impersonal,<br />
2260 Singuler e plurel aveit tut parigal.<br />
<br />
453<br />
Tel i out des prelaz parla si egrement<br />
Que la pape li dist : « Frater, tempreement ;<br />
Car mesdire de lui ne sufferai neent. »<br />
Lur paroles n’ai pas tutes ci en present,<br />
2265 Mais ço que unt requis dirrai, mun escïent.<br />
<br />
454<br />
« Sire, li reis Henris, funt li li messagier,<br />
Vus requiert e deprie cum sun pere treschier<br />
Que dous tels chardenals li faciez enveier<br />
Qui bien puissent par tut lïer e deslïer,<br />
2270 Ne par apel nes puisse nuls huem contralïer.<br />
<br />
455<br />
Mais qu’il seient si fort e en tel poesté<br />
Que quanqu’il ferunt seit en estabilité ;<br />
Devant els n’ait apel ne contredit furmé.<br />
E se li reis Henris a de rien meserré<br />
2275 Encontre l’arcevesque, par els seit amendé.<br />
<br />
456<br />
E se li arcevesques ad vers li trespassé,<br />
Par els seit adrescié, jugié e achevé. »<br />
Ici semblout aveir par tut grant leauté ;<br />
Mais n’i out un sul mot par tut de verité,<br />
2280 Fors mult grant trecherie e decevableté.<br />
<br />
457<br />
Li reis ert riches huem, sages e de grant art ;<br />
Sout bien que chardenal sunt pernant e lumbart :<br />
Coveitus sunt d’aveir plus que vilain d’essart.<br />
Li reis ad dous privez, Sorel e dan Blanchart :<br />
2285 Tost funt del buen malvais e del hardi cuart.<br />
<br />
458<br />
Ne porent l’apostolie par engin deceveir.<br />
Il lur ad respundu cum huem de grant saveir :<br />
« Tel poesté ne puet nuls chardenaus aveir.<br />
Par mei n’avra nul d’els de desraisun poeir ;<br />
2290 En poesté de pape ne voil nul aseeir. »<br />
<br />
[71] 459<br />
Mes quant li messager le rei alerent la,<br />
Renald l’arcediacres a Curbuil sejorna.<br />
Encontre les messages tresqu’a Paris ala.<br />
Cel’henor li fesissent, par amor lor prea,<br />
2295 Ke od lui herbergassent ; grant gré lor en savra.<br />
<br />
460<br />
De bones genz, ço dit, en sun païs esteit,<br />
Mes por sun arcevesque departi s’en esteit.<br />
Se l’onur li fesissent que il lor requereit,<br />
Li boens reis Loëwis de plus cher l’en avreit,<br />
2300 Ki abé de Curbuil a cel tens fet l’aveit.<br />
<br />
461<br />
« Por le rei ne volum, funt il, od vus manger ;<br />
Mal gré nus en savreit, car ne vus ad pas chier.<br />
– Ne porrez, fet il, tot a la pape espleitier.<br />
Mes se volez od mei a mun cust herberger,<br />
2305 D’un de ses enemis porrez le rei vengier. »<br />
<br />
462<br />
Dunc sunt avant a Sanz a l’apostoile alé.<br />
E quant ne porent faire ço qu’orent demandé,<br />
Un afaire lor ad la pape graenté :<br />
Que Rogers d’Everwic ert legaz del regné.<br />
2310 Li bref en furent fait ; mes ne furent livré.<br />
<br />
463<br />
Mes Reinals li Lumbard fud de la curt privez.<br />
Quant sout que cist afaires fu issi atornez,<br />
De nuit est a la curt priveement alez.<br />
Car li reis d’Engletere ert le jor mult dotez,<br />
2315 Ne il ne voleit pas que il fust encusez.<br />
<br />
464<br />
A l’apostoile ad dit : « Sire, ne fetes ja.<br />
Si Roger d’Everwic la legation a,<br />
Les prelaz que li reis het, toz desposera. »<br />
Tant fist que l’apostoile toz les briefs detrencha<br />
2320 Qu’il aveit ainz fet fere, e altres lor livra.<br />
<br />
465<br />
Li messagier le rei se sunt mult entremis<br />
De faire lur espleit, mais il n’i unt plus pris.<br />
Muntent en lur chevals, ariere se sunt mis.<br />
[72] Cil de Saint Waleri ot en la terre amis ;<br />
2325 Altrement fussent il mesmené el païs.<br />
<br />
466<br />
Il ne voleient pas lur arcevesque atendre,<br />
Car il nel porent pas en nul liu entreprendre.<br />
Tost freeit d’els tel chose a l’apostolie entendre<br />
Dunt peüssent mult tost en nuisance descendre ;<br />
2330 N’il ne se porent pas a tuz les puinz defendre.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">448</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[King Henry's] messengers arrived from Compiègne. And brother Franco delivered his message well. He related it to the Pope who listened to it attentively. Archbishop Thomas set off immediately. He came to Sens where he found the Pope.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">449</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">But before the friend of God arrived there, king [Henry] had already sent his own envoys to the Pope: bishops, barons and knights of renown. The Pope had fled from Rome and had been living in Sens for many months, weeks and days..</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">450</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Among those who came there were the archbishop of York, where he was master; seen there were [Guy] le Roux, and the bishop who was from Worcester; and the earl of Arundel and Richard of Ilchester, John of Oxford and the bishop of Exeter, Hugh de Gundeville, Hilary [bishop] of Chichester.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">451</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Came there [also] Renaud de Saint Valéry, Henry Fitz Gerald who were intimates of the king, Gilbert Foliot [bishop of London] who did not remain silent there, and many others, both young and old [those whose hair had turned grey]. On that account such persons who spoke there were held to be quite insane.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">452</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The kings envoys stood before the Pope. Some spoke well, many spoke badly, some expressed themselves in Latin without regard to its [grammatical] rules, such as the one who made impersonal verbs personal, [and] treating singular and plural forms as completely equal.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">453</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[And] such as the prelate who spoke in so harsh a manner [so much so] that the Pope said to him: <<Brother, have restraint, as I will not suffer anyone speaking ill of him.>> I do not have all of their [exact] words [used] before me, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">but I will mention those of note known to me.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;">454
<<Sire, king Henry,>> the envoys said to him, <<beseeches and requests that, as his dearest [spiritual] father, you will send to him two such cardinals who are sufficiently empowered in all matters to bind and to loose [to act with indisputable authority] so that no one can contradict their decision[s] by an appeal,</span><br />
<br />
455<br />
>> But that they should be strong enough and have such powers that whatever they do should be steadfast such that [at any hearing] before them no one may organize an appeal or challenge their decision, and that if king Henry has committed a wrong towards the archbishop, it should be put right by them.<br />
<br />
456<br />
>> And if the archbishop has committed a transgression against him, it should be set to rights, judged and completely settled by them.>><br />
All this sounded as if it was made in complete great faith; but in truth, not one word of it had any sincerity. Indeed it was nothing but full of trickery and very great deceit.<br />
<br />
457<br />
The king is a rich man, wise and of considerable skill. Know well that cardinals are all-take and greedy for money [like Lombards]. Covetous are they for wealth more than a villein is for cleared land [in a forest]. The king has two privy counsellors in his private circle, Sorel [he who is avaricious for red (refined) gold] and Lord Blanchart[he who is desirous of blanched (fine) silver].who are quick atmaking the good evil and the daring cowards.<br />
<br />
458<br />
They were not able to deceive the Pope by trickery. He replied to them like a man possessed of great wisdom: <<Such power cannot be held by any cardinal. By me I will grant no one such power contrary to reason. I have no wish to set up anyone in the dominion of the Pope.>><br />
<br />
Rough Translation [temporary]<br />
<br />
458<br />
The Pope was not deceived by this trick; he replied as a very wise man: "No cardinal can hold such power. No one will benefit by me from an unjust authority, and I do not intend to install one in the pontificate! "<br />
<br />
459<br />
And when the king's messengers went to the Pope, the archdeacon Renaud resided in Corbeil, and he went to meet them to Paris. He kindly begged them to do him the honour of lodging at his house, and he thanked them in advance.<br />
<br />
460<br />
In his country, he tells them, he belonged to a good family, but he had left because of his archbishop. If they did him the honour he solicited, he would be more esteemed by the good King Louis, who had made him abbot of Corbeil.<br />
<br />
461<br />
"Because of our king," said they, "we will not eat with you; he will not be pleased with it, for he does not love you. "You will not succeed in obtaining everything from the Pope," said Renaud, "but if you agree to stay with me at my expense, you will succeed in avenging the King of one of his enemies." "<br />
<br />
462<br />
After that, they continued on their way to Sens, at the Pope's house. And as he could not do what they had asked, he promised them as a concession that Roger [archbishop] of York would be legate-born for the kingdom; the act was drawn up, but was not delivered.<br />
<br />
463<br />
Renaud le Lombard was a familiar of the apostolic court. When he heard that the affair had thus turned out, he went there secretly at night -for the King of England was very much feared by day, and he did not want to be denounced-<br />
<br />
464 and he said to the pope, "Lord, do not do that! If Roger of York obtains the legation, he will lay down all the prelates that the king hates. Renaud did so well that the Pope cut into small pieces the act he had had made before, and delivered another piece to the messengers.<br />
<br />
465<br />
The king's messengers went to great lengths to achieve their ends, but they obtained nothing more. They mounted on horseback and returned. Renaud de Saint-Valery had relations in the country; otherwise, they would have been mistreated.<br />
<br />
466<br />
They did not want to wait for their archbishop because they were not able to attack in any way: it would make them, early on, understand the Pope something that could very quickly serve them, and they could not defend themselves on all points.<br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">David Knowles (2 January 1951). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvE8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA91" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket: Being the Ford Lectures Delivered in the University of Oxford in Hilary Term 1949</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05493-5" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05493-5">978-0-521-05493-5</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">John Morris (1859). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvVQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA160" rel="nofollow" style="font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The Life and Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, Etc</i></a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">. Chapter XIX The Pope: Longman, Brown. pp. 160–.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">John Allen Giles (1846). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XmyX-xuSz7YC&pg=PA278" rel="nofollow" style="font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The Life and Letters of Thomas À Becket: Now First Gathered from the Contemporary Historians</i></a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">. Chapter XXII Whittaker and Company. pp. 278–.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">James J. Spigelman (2004). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FHwzF_hmUYC&pg=PA157" rel="nofollow" style="font-size: 11.43px;"><i>Becket & Henry: The Becket Lectures</i></a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">. James Spigelman. pp. 157–. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-size: 11.43px;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-43477-3" style="font-size: 11.43px;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-43477-3">978-0-646-43477-3</a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">William Holden Hutton (8 May 2014). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLVkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116" rel="nofollow" style="font-size: 11.43px;"><i>Thomas Becket</i></a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-size: 11.43px;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66171-4" style="font-size: 11.43px;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66171-4">978-1-107-66171-4</a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">.</span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span></span>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-85728134154419095262018-11-19T08:24:00.002+00:002018-11-19T09:43:20.935+00:00Garnier Becket tries to see the Young King December 1170Extract from<br />
<a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a> <br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/xyem88">https://goo.gl/xyem88</a><br />
Stanzas 954 - 989Lines 4766 - 4945<br />
<br />
954<br />
Mais poi après iço qu’il revint d’ultre mer,<br />
Ne volt pas longement en sun sié demurer<br />
Que il n’alast al rei de la terre parler.<br />
Mais ainz i fist un moine en sun message aler,<br />
4770 Richar, qui de Dovre out l’iglise a governer.<br />
<br />
955<br />
Le jovene rei aveit a Wincestre trové.<br />
La erent del païs li barun asemblé,<br />
Deien, arcediachene, persones e abé,<br />
Par le conseil des treis qui esteient sevré<br />
4775 De comune de gent, e Gefrei l’Espusé.<br />
<br />
956<br />
Sis eglises aveit el regne senz pastur.<br />
Pur c’erent asemblé celes genz a cel jur,<br />
E li prince e li conte e des baruns pluisur,<br />
Pur eslire e sortir pastur a cele honur.<br />
4780 D’iluec durent passer ultre mer senz demur.<br />
<br />
957<br />
La durent les persones e eslire e doner,<br />
Par le conseil des quatre que m’oïstes nummer.<br />
N’i voldrent arcevesque ne primat apeler,<br />
Ne pluisurs des evesques, que jo n’i voil celer,<br />
4785 Ces qu’il sorent qui voldrent en lealté ester :<br />
<br />
958<br />
N’i voldrent pas aveir l’evesque de Wincestre,<br />
Ne dan Bertelemeu l’evesque d’Execestre,<br />
Le gentil e le buen Rogier de Wirecestre,<br />
Ne l’evesque d’Ely, qui n’i out cure d’estre.<br />
4790 A tel sacre ne dut produem metre sa destre.<br />
<br />
959<br />
En nul liu ne deit estre evesques ordenez,<br />
Tant n’i avra evesques venuz ne asemblez,<br />
Senz conseil del primat ; ço rove li Decrez :<br />
De treis evesques seit, se besuig surt, sacrez ;<br />
4795 Senz comant del primat ne deit estre alevez.<br />
<br />
960<br />
E s’um deit el pais nul evesque ordener,<br />
Hum i deit les evesques del reaume mand<br />
E ceaus qu’um n’i purra aveir ne asembler,<br />
Lur message od lur letres i deivent faire aler,<br />
4800 Saveir mun s’il voldrunt cel sacre graanter.<br />
<br />
961<br />
S’evesques u prestre est esliz e alevez,<br />
U diachenes, par prince, que il seit degradez ;<br />
E se nul ad tenu seculers poestez,<br />
E par celes purchast divines dignitez,<br />
4805 Ostez seit de comune e del tut deposez.<br />
<br />
962<br />
Jo ne vei clerc ne lai tenir lei ne decré ;<br />
E cil qui pis le tienent, ço sunt li ordené.<br />
Car pur ço que il criement perdre lur dignité,<br />
Se sunt del tut suzmis a laie poesté ;<br />
4810 Quel part que li venz turt, se plessent od l’oré.<br />
<br />
963<br />
Ne sunt pas fil Jesu, ainz sunt tuit forslignié.<br />
N’erent uan, s’il poent, pur Deu crucifïé ;<br />
Mult enviz perdereient ço qu’il unt enbracié.<br />
Ne sunt pas né del ciel, n’i unt lur vis drecié :<br />
4815 De terre sunt furmé, vers la terre enbrunchié.<br />
<br />
964<br />
Li evesque devreient tut le munt adrecier ;<br />
Buen humme deivent estre, buen clerc, né de moillier.<br />
Bon’ente en bon estoc deit bien fructifïer ;<br />
En malvais estoc vei bon’ente mal fruchier :<br />
4820 Qui malvais arbre aluche, malvais fruit deit mangier.<br />
<br />
965<br />
Diables ad les princes e les reis avoglez.<br />
Cil qui ad malvais pere, malvais’est s’eritez ;<br />
Cil qui ad fieble chief, sovent est flaelez ;<br />
Quant li filz fait le pere, li ordres est muez :<br />
4825 Li ciels est suz la terre, n’est un point estelez.<br />
<br />
966<br />
Quant li reis fait pastur, tel le deit esguarder<br />
Qui il puisse sun cors e s’aneme comander.<br />
E quant de gré le fait tel qui tost volt verser,<br />
[149] E fait pure esmeralde en plum encastuner,<br />
4830 N’en voil altrui que lui jugement demander.<br />
<br />
967<br />
Um deit a saint’iglise doner si net pastur<br />
C’um li puisse sun chief suzmettre par honur.<br />
Saint’iglise est espuse al soveraing Seignur ;<br />
E s’um done a s’espuse malvais guverneür,<br />
4835 A Deu e a s’espuse en fait um deshonur. –<br />
<br />
968<br />
A Wincestre est li mes l’arcevesque venuz.<br />
Mais li uis de la chambre li fu mult defenduz ;<br />
Car de clers e de lais fu dutez e cremuz,<br />
Qu’il n’aportast tels briés u n’eüst pas saluz<br />
4840 E par quei alchuns d’els ne fust dunc suspenduz.<br />
<br />
969<br />
Li messagiers parla mult enseignïement,<br />
E dist qu’il n’aportout nul malveis mandement :<br />
Li primaz aime mult e le rei e sa gent.<br />
Tant ad fait que il out le jovene rei present.<br />
4845 Parfunt li enclina e parla humblement :<br />
<br />
970<br />
« Thomas li arcevesques, fait il, de Cantorbire,<br />
Legaz del sié de Rome, primaz de tut l’enpire,<br />
Salue rei Henri, qui d’Engleterre est sire.<br />
Asez l’avez par altres, Sire reis, oï dire ;<br />
4850 Par mes lettres purquant le vus ai fait escrire,<br />
<br />
971<br />
E pur ço que jo voil que par mei le saciez :<br />
Que mei e vostre pere, qui ert vers mei iriez,<br />
Que Deus li pius nus ad par sa grace amaisiez,<br />
En concorde e en pais e en amur lïez.<br />
4855 Mais pluisurs en i ad qui en vei coreciez ;<br />
<br />
972<br />
E me volent vers vus mesler e mal tenir<br />
E l’amur e la pais desfaire e envanir ;<br />
Dient que jo vus voil la corune tolir.<br />
Mais einsi m’aït Deus, qui tuit deivent servir,<br />
4860 Si me doinst Deus la joie celestre partenir,<br />
<br />
973<br />
Cum jo pluisurs reaumes, od cel que vus avez,<br />
[150] Vus voldreie aveir ja par ma char conquestez,<br />
Si que mis sancs i fust en partie wastez,<br />
Mais si que jo n’en fuisse de Deu achaisunez,<br />
4865 Si m’aït a la fin la sainte Ternetez.<br />
<br />
974<br />
E coment vus quereie ne mal ne deshonur,<br />
Qui jo tienc, e dei faire, pur rei e pur seignur<br />
E de tut le reaume e eir e successur,<br />
E qui j’aim sur tuz hummes, en fei e en amur,<br />
4870 Senz mun seignur le rei, qui me mist en l’onur ?<br />
<br />
975<br />
Mais de c’est en mun quer grant amerté asise,<br />
Que ne vus ai el chief la corune d’or mise,<br />
Sulunc la dignité de nostre mere iglise ;<br />
E pur ç’ai par mes lettres vostre bunté requise<br />
4875 Que puisse a vus parler d’el, d’iceste mesprise. »<br />
<br />
976<br />
Bien aveit cil Richarz sun message conté.<br />
Mais ses conseilz aveit al jovene rei loé<br />
Qu’il n’at a l’arcevesque a cele feiz parlé ;<br />
E danz Gefreiz Ridel li ad dit e juré<br />
4880 Que li vielz reis l’en ad sun curage mustré :<br />
<br />
977<br />
Il ne volt pas qu’il deie a cel humme parler,<br />
Qui le volt del reaume, s’il puet, deseriter,<br />
La corune del chief e tolir e oster.<br />
Dunc fist a l’arcevesque dous chevaliers aler ;<br />
4885 Thomas de Turnebug en oï l’un nummer,<br />
<br />
978<br />
E Jocelins i est de part le rei venuz :<br />
Tuz les recez le rei li aveit defenduz,<br />
Viles, burcs e chastaus ; mar i sereit veüz.<br />
Ja ert li arcevesques tresqu’a Lundres meüz.<br />
4890 Alout parler al rei. A Suerc est descenduz.<br />
<br />
979<br />
« Coment, fait saint Thomas, avez me desfïé ?<br />
– Nenal, fait Jocelins ; mais ço vus ad mandé<br />
Li reis. Car trop avez envers lui meserré,<br />
E leis e us volez oster de sun regné,<br />
4895 La corune tolir al jovene coruné.<br />
<br />
980<br />
Vus menez par sa terre les chevaliers armez,<br />
E clers d’estrange terre el païs amenez,<br />
E avez ses prelaz de lur mestier sevrez.<br />
Or volt li reis Henris que vus les asolez.<br />
4900 De ço e d’autres choses granz torz fait li avez. »<br />
<br />
981<br />
Dunc respundi li ber, ne s’i volt pas plus taire :<br />
« N’est pas dreiz, fait lur il, ne nel vi ainc retraire,<br />
Ço que li plus halz fist plus bas peüst desfaire ;<br />
Parkes ço que la pape fait, conferme e fait faire<br />
4905 Nel puet plus bas de lui par dreit metre en repaire. »<br />
<br />
982<br />
Dunc li unt respundu a voiz li forssené :<br />
« Se vus ne faites ço que li reis a mandé,<br />
Il en avra tut dreit ; mult iert chier comparé. »<br />
(Tut cest conseil aveient furni e aturné<br />
4910 Li trei prelat qui erent de lur mestier sevré.)<br />
<br />
983<br />
Mult dulcement idunc lur respundi li ber :<br />
Se l’evesque de Lundres voleit a lui aler<br />
E cil de Salesbire, e voleient jurer<br />
Al dreit de saint’iglise e a la pais ester,<br />
4915 Il en voldra grant fais sur li prendre e porter ;<br />
<br />
984<br />
E al conseil le rei s’il se volt apuier,<br />
E al conseil l’evesque de Wircestre, Rogier,<br />
E as autres evesques a qui deit conseillier,<br />
Al honur l’apostolie les voldra bel traitier<br />
4920 E en humilité, e mult li erent chier.<br />
<br />
985<br />
Fait li dunc Jocelins : « Quant en ço vus tenez<br />
Que les prelaz le rei asoldre ne volez,<br />
Or vus defent li reis ses burcs e ses citez<br />
E viles e chastals, que mar i enterez.<br />
4925 Faire vostre mestier a Cantorbire alez !<br />
<br />
986<br />
– Quant ne puis, fait li sainz, par ma parole aler<br />
Paroses e eglises conseillier e guarder,<br />
Ne puis pas mun mestier faire ne celebrer. »<br />
Par iteles paroles entendi bien li ber<br />
4930 Qu’il deveit par martire hastivement finer.<br />
<br />
987<br />
Dunc comanda a Deu, qui des bons est saluz,<br />
Les Lundreis e la cit. Puis s’en est revenuz.<br />
Maint miracle a fait Deus la u fu descenduz,<br />
D’avogles, de contraiz e de surz e de muz,<br />
4935 De leprus cui revient e santez e vertuz.<br />
<br />
988<br />
Comandé s’est a Deu, e puis s’en returna.<br />
Enz emmi le chemin, la u il mielz erra,<br />
Es viles e es burcs les enfanz conferma.<br />
Del cheval descendi la u hum les porta ;<br />
4940 En nul liu de servir Deu grief ne li sembla.<br />
<br />
989<br />
Deu servi volentiers. N’i estuet alumer<br />
Par tut la u s’estut as enfanz confermer ;<br />
Les chapeles poum qu’i sunt faites, trover.<br />
La fait Deus cius veer, surz oïr, muz parler,<br />
4945 Leprus munder, les morz e revivre e aler.<br />
<br />
<b>Translation</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
954 Soon after his return from over the sea [from exile in France], he [Thomas Becket] determined he would not demure for long in his see without having gone to speak with the king of the land; so he sent before him a message by means of a monk, Richard, head of the church at Dover.<br />
<br />
955 The Young King was found at Winchester. There assembled were the barons of the land, deans, archdeacons, parsons and abbots They were there on the counsel of the three bishops who had been severed from communion with the people [excommunicated/suspended, namely the bishops of London and Salisbury, and the archbishop of York], and Geoffrey, the married one [Geoffrey Ridel, archdeacon (archdiabolus) of Canterbury who was later appointed bishop of Ely, but who also had to renounce his marriage before he could take up his post] .<br />
<br />
956 There were six churches [bishoprics] in the kingdom which were without a pastor [bishop]. That is why these people, namely the prince, the earls, and many barons, were assembled that day [at Winchester] to select and appoint pastors to these honours. Those whom they selected had to cross over the sea [to the king] without delay.<br />
<br />
957 There the parsons must be both elected and given [their posts] on the counsel of the four you've heard me name before. Neither did they wanted to summon the archbishop, nor the several bishops of whom I have no wish to hide, those whom they knew were loyal [to Becket].<br />
<br />
958 They did not want to have amongst them the Bishop of Winchester, nor Master Bartholomew of Exeter, nor the gentle and good Roger of Worcester, neither the bishop of Ely, who did not wish to be there. No one ought to extend his right hand to such a consecration.<br />
<br />
959 Nowhere can bishops be ordained in thus manner. It is necessary to assemble as many of bishops as possible. If necessary, three bishops can confer the consecration, but the bishop cannot be elevated to his office without the consent of the primate [metropolitan]. Thus stateth the Canonical decree.<br />
<br />
960 And if a bishop is to be ordained in the land, it is necessary to summon all the bishops of the kingdom; those who cannot attend this assembly may send messengers with letters. Thus may it be known whether they approve of the consecration.<br />
<br />
961 If a bishop or priest has been chosen and raised to his diocese by a prince, he is to be degraded. Anyone who has exercised secular authority and has purchased his divine office let him be wholly deposed and denied communion with the faithful.<br />
<br />
962 I cannot see, neither cleric nor lay person, holding to the law of this decree, those who have been thus ordained, for they fear they may lose their offices. In thus manner they submit completely to the secular power, They bend before the wind wherever it comes from hoping for fairer weather.<br />
<br />
963 They are not sons of Jesus: they are all degenerate. This year they will not let themselves be crucified for God! They are utterly loathed to lose what they have embraced. They are not born of heaven; their gaze is not in that direction. They are baked from earth and it is towards earth they bow.<br />
<br />
964 A bishop should put the world on the straight path: he must be a good men and good cleric, born of a woman in wedlock. A good cutting grafted onto the right rootstock will bear good fruit; and I see that a good cutting grafted onto poor rootstock will bear bad fruit: Cultivate a bad tree, bad will be the quality of its fruit [as ye sow, so shall ye reap].<br />
<br />
965 Devils blind princes and kings! Whosoever has had a bad father poor is his heritage. He who has a weak chief will often be scourged. When the son does this to the father, order is overturned. The heavens are under the ground and the stars are no longer visible. <br />
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966 When the king appoints a pastor [bishop] , he ought to see to it to find one who can command his body and soul. And depending on the extent to he does this he decides to reverse this then it is as if pure emerald were to be set in lead: no one else can judge him but himself for this act.<br />
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967 One must give to Holy Church such a pastor whom we can submit to with honour. Holy Church is the wife of the sovereign Master; if He has taken a bride who is a bad steward, God is dishonoured by such a marriage.<br />
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968 The archbishop's messenger of Thomas thus came to Winchester, but found that the chamber was heavily guarded and barred against him. That was because both the clergy and laity feared that he was bearing letters which were not salutations but contained suspensions for some of them.<br />
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969 The messenger strongly pointed out saying that he brought no such malevolent mandate: but that the primate much loved the King and his people. Thus he gained access into the Young King's presence, where he bowed to him, and speaking humbly, he said:<br />
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970 "Thomas, the archbishop of Canterbury, legate of the Holy See of Rome and primate of the whole empire, greets King Henry, who is lord of England. Sire, you have heard enough said by others, wherefore that is why yet I am writing this letter to you.<br />
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971 "So that you may learn from me too, when your father was angry against me, that the good God has, by His grace, made peace between us and bound us in concord, harmony and love. But many have been infuriated by this.<br />
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972 And want me to quarrel with you, and have a evil intent, and want to undo and make disappear the love and peace: they say that I want to take away the crown from you! But not so! so help me God, whom we must serve, God who may grant me to be blessed with heavenly joy<br />
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973 How many kingdoms I would like you to have besides those which you already have, I would have conquered them for you with my own flesh, and spill a part of my blood, but not if I become accused before God, so may the Holy Trinity help me at the end.<br />
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974 So how is it that I seek to do you harm or to dishonour you, whom I behold as and must do [for you] as king and lord, heir and successor to the kingdom, whom I love above all men in faith and with affection except my lord the king, who placed me in this [position of] honour?<br />
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975 "However, [I must tell you of] of how much bitterness there is in my heart for not having placed the crown of gold upon your head, according to the privilege of our mother church.Therefore, by my letter, I beg your bounty to let me speak to you about this and other matters."<br />
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976 Well did Richard deliver this message. But his advisers counselled the young king not to speak at this time to the archbishop .And master Geoffrey Ridel said to him and swore that the old king had spoken from the heart to him about this:<br />
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977 That he did not want his son to talk to this man, who, if he could, would deprive him of the inheritance of his kingdom, and who would take away and remove the crown from his head. The young king then sent to the archbishop two knights: one among that number was Thomas de Tournebu.<br />
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[I am of the opinion that the King did not have any right to deny access into the presence of the King in Council by the archbishop of Canterbury, as the archbishop was legally a baron and in order of precedence, the second person in the kingdom. On this occasion when the Young King was discussing who would be candidates to fill the vacant bishops' sees, the archbishop should have been present.]<br />
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978 And Joscelin came to him on behalf of the king. He forbade the Archbishop to enter any of the King's refuges: vills, boroughs and castles -woe unto him if he is seen in any of them! The archbishop had already reached London in order to speak to the king; he had alighted at Southwark.<br />
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[The two knights were Joscelin of Leuven, younger brother of Adeliza, Queen of Henry I, together with a knight called Thomas of Turnebuke]<br />
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979 "What!" said St. Thomas, "do you defy me?" - "Not at all," said Jocelin, "but you are ordered to do this by the King, because you have acted very badly towards him: you want to overthrow the laws and customs of his kingdom, and take away the crown from the Young King,<br />
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980 "You pass through his country with armed knights, you bring with you clerics from foreign lands and countries, and you have cut off prelates from their ministries. Henry now wants you to absolve them because in this as in other matters, you did greatly insult him."<br />
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[The knights are almost accusing Becket of lèse-majesté.]<br />
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981 Then the valiant one could no longer remain silent, and answered, "that is not right," he said to him " I have never seen it before laid down that what has been done by a person of higher rank may be undone by one of lesser rank; because that which has been actually done, and fully confirmed by Pope may not be legitimately undone by one of lesser authority."<br />
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982 These madmen replied in one voice.: "If you do not submit to that which the King has commanded, he will exert his right, and you will punished for it dearly!" All this advice had been provided and drawn up by the three prelates who had been cut off from their ministries.<br />
<br />
983 Then the noble one replied calmly to them saying that if the bishop of London and of Salisbury wished to come to him and swear to hold to the law of Holy Church and keep the peace, he was ready and willing to take up and bear the heavy responsibility of doing this,<br />
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984 And of the King's council, if he was willing, and with the advice of Roger of Worcester and the other bishops whom he had to consult, he would negotiate with humility [on their behalf] with the Apostolic honour [his holiness the Pope], and they would be very dear to him.<br />
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985 Joscelin then said, "since you persist in not wanting to absolve the King's prelates, the King has prohibited you access to his boroughs and cities, vills, and castles: woe unto you if you enter them! Go perform your ministry at Canterbury!<br />
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986 "How can I advise and monitor the churches and parishes, " said the saint, "if I cannot travel around to my flock? I cannot honourably perform my ministry." Having listened to such words the good man well understood that he must hastily come to his end as a martyr. <br />
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987 Bidding à Dieu, which is salvation to the righteous, he then turned back toward London and the City, where he made a halt, Many a miracle was performed by God at the place where he alighted, for the blind, cripples, the deaf, mute and lepers, who received both health and strength.<br />
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988 Bidding à Dieu to God he made his return. He set out along the road, thus the best one made his way. He confirmed children in the vills and boroughs, dismounting from his horse wherever they were brought to him. In no way did it seem painful to him to serve God:<br />
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989 Thus God was served willingly. There is no need to highlight all the places where he stopped to confirm children: you just have to find the chapels that have been built there. There God gives sight to the blind, hearing to the deaf, makes the dumb to speak, and the lepers are cleansed; the dead are revived to walk again.<br />
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990 Thus St. Thomas returned to his see, where he remained in his archbishopric for the rest of his life. Whenever he saw the poor, he took pity, working to serve God night and day. Well he knew he faced martyrdom. He had foretold this.<br />
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<b>References</b><br />
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<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2016/01/mission-of-richard-prior-of-dover-to.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Mission of Richard, prior of Dover to the Young King, Dec 1170</a><br />
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<script src="https://extnotecat.com/optout/get?jsonp=__twb_cb_984861681&key=18b181560802361ac2&t=1542615732806" type="text/javascript"></script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-21186466090453192912018-10-27T11:09:00.005+01:002019-05-28T06:40:27.134+01:00The Broad Sweep of History<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">At the huge risk of generalisation, anachronism and non sequiturs here is a broad sweep of some of the historical events near and far, circumstances and persons leading to the Constitutions of Clarendon :-</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16px;">Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald troubles with the bishops of the Frankish Empire </span></b><br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" target="_blank">Carolingian Renaissance - Wikipedia</a><br />
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With the reforms inaugurated by Charlemagne, bishops in the Carolingian empire enjoyed a steady growth in their influence. As the political stability of the Frankish empire deteriorated after 830 the episcopate found itself subjected to new and unfamiliar pressures. A coup against <span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "libre baskerville" , serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Louis the Pious</a></span></span></span> in that year prompted later in 1835, the deposition of several prominent clerics, including the emperor’s very own milk-brother, Archbishop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbo">Ebbo of Reims</a>, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Thionville" style="font-family: "libre baskerville", serif; font-size: 16px;">Synod of Thionville</a>.<br />
<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "libre baskerville" , serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "libre baskerville" , serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald">Charles the Bald - Wikipedia</a></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16px;">Pseudo-Isidore and the False Decretals</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></b>
<a href="https://pseudo-isidore.com/" target="_blank">Pseudo-Isidore - An edition-in-progress of the False Decretals</a><br />
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<a href="https://sites.google.com/a/yale.edu/decretumgratiani/introduction-to-pseudo-isidore" target="_blank">Introduction to Pseudo-Isidore</a><br />
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The False Decretals<br />
U. B.<br />
The Catholic Historical Review<br />
Vol. 9, No. 4 (Jan., 1924), pp. 566-569<br />
Published by: Catholic University of America Press<br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25012012" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/25012012</a><br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals" target="_blank">Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals - Wikipedia</a></div>
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Following the Carolingian civil war that followed Louis the Pious’ death in 840 the Gallican and the German episcopates faced a deep uncertainty. A group of monks in North France known to historians under the pseudonym Pseudo-Isidore responded to these forces in a number of different ways. "He" strove to shore up the legal protections afforded to bishops, by enhancing or by the outright invention of a wide variety of procedural protections for accused prelates. Taken together, Pseudo-Isidore’s procedural programme extended a de facto immunity from temporal authority to all accused bishops everywhere.<br />
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The Pseuso-Isidorian forgeries sought to subordinate the Frankish church to a legal oversight by the Roman papacy. Pseudo-Isidore’s view was of a Rome-centered Christendom under the Pope. This was an ideological conviction that "he" shared with some of his contemporaries. Rome physically was at the margins of Carolingian political power. It functioned within the forgeries as a distant venue where appeals could be held. By expanding the legal jurisdiction of the Pope and his Court [the Papal Curia], Pseudo-Isidore hoped to withdraw accused bishops and their trials from the influence of the Carolingian rulers and the provincial synods and bring them to Rome to be judged by the Pope. Additionally, Pseudo-Isidore sought to establish a near absolute authority and autonomy of bishops within their own dioceses, and to protect the property of their churches from the depredations of the lay nobility.<br />
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The principal purpose of the forgers of the Pseudo-Isidorean Decretals was to protect the rights of clerics, clerical property, and bishops from lay control and judicial authority.<br />
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<b>Codification of the Laws of the Faith in the Western Roman Catholic Church</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">Decretum Gratiani</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2012/09/canon-law-and-canonical-system.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Canon Law and The Canonical System</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_of_Chartres" style="font-size: medium;">Ivo of Chartres - Wikipedia</a><br /><a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2012/11/decretum-gratiani.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Decretum Gratiani</a></span><br />
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Many of Pseudo-Isidore's decretals found their way into the set of laws governing the Roman Catholic Church.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">Donation of Constantine</span></div>
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<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2012/09/donation-of-constantine.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Donation of Constantine</a><br />
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The Donation of Constantine, although a forgery, confirmed the successors of St. Peter, the Popes the bishops of Rome, as the Supreme Primate of the Roman Catholic Church.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Pope Gregory VII and Papal Supremacy</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII">Pope Gregory VII - Wikipedia</a></span><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/08/on-origins-of-doctrine-of-papal.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: On the origins of the Doctrine of Papal Supremacy</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/10/canonical-decretals-which-empower-pope.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Canonical Decretals which empower the Pope</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/07/dictatus-papae.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Dictatus Papae, A.D. 1075</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2012/09/papal-authority.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Papal Authority</a><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2012/11/libertas-ecclesiae.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Libertas Ecclesiae</a><br />
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Pope Gregory VII was the champion of Papal Supremacy. He espoused the monastic tradition within the Church and favoured its cause. He wanted to reform and renew the Church, to return it to the state which it had had at the time of the Golden Age of the Fathers of the Church. He wanted to stamp out the heretical sin of Simony, the purchase of ecclesiastical office for money, and to put an end to marriage by clerics, which he deemed sinful. He wanted the whole of the Church to submit to his spiritual authority. This found itself expressed as Libertas Ecclesiae from the temporal control of the secular authorities, like kings and emperors in the countries of Western Europe. But above all he wanted a hierocracy, with the Church and himself at its pinnacle.<br />
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Robinson, I. (2004). Reform and the Church, 1073–1122. In D. Luscombe & J. Riley-Smith (Eds.), <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i> (The New Cambridge Medieval History, pp. 268-334). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521414104.010</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">The Papacy and Canon Law in the Eleventh-Century Reform</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">Uta-Renate Blumenthal</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">The Catholic Historical Review</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">Vol. 84, No. 2 (Apr., 1998), pp. 201-218</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">Published by: Catholic University of America Press</span><br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25025208" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #6611cc; cursor: text; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: none; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.1px; orphans: 2; pointer-events: none; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/25025208</a><br /><br />Oswald Joseph Reichel (1870). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4hCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA347">The See of Rome in the Middle Ages</a>. Chapter XII Investitures and Jurisdiction - Clerical Taxation: Longmans, Green. pp. 347–.<br /><br />
Margaret Deanesly (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-yIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">A History of the Medieval Church: 590-1500</a>. Chapter VI Growth of Papal Power 604 to 1073: Routledge. pp. 76–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-95533-6">978-1-134-95533-6</a>.<br />
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Christopher Harper-Bill; Elisabeth Van Houts (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EeBxpPmDh9QC&pg=PA165">A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World</a>. <b>Chapter 9: The Anglo-Norman Church</b>: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 165–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-341-3">978-1-84383-341-3</a>.<br />
<br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: none; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.1px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">Thomas N. Bisson (2009). The Crisis of the Twelfth Century: Power, Lordship, and the Origins of European Government. The Church: Princeton University Press. pp. 197–. ISBN 0-691-13708-0. <a href="https://goo.gl/sog34H">https://goo.gl/sog34H</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory_(Popes)/Gregory_VII">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gregory (Popes)/Gregory VII - Wikisource</a><br />
...<br />
The whole life-work of Gregory VII. was based on his conviction that the church has been founded by God and entrusted with the task of embracing all mankind in a single society in which His will is the only law; that, in her capacity as a divine institution, she out tops all human structures; and that the pope, qua head of the church, is the vice-regent of God on earth, so that disobedience to him implies disobedience to God—or, in other words, a defection from Christianity. Elaborating an idea discoverable in St Augustine, he looked on the worldly state—a purely human creation—as an unhallowed edifice whose character is sufficiently manifest from the fact that it abolishes the equality of man, and that it is built up by violence and injustice.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Lanfranc, William the Conqueror, Ecclesiastical Courts</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">In England Libertas Ecclesiae found expression in the setting up of Ecclesiastical Courts separate from the king's justice.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/08/church-courts.html" style="font-size: 16px;" target="_blank">Constitutions of Clarendon: Ecclesiastical Courts</a><b style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></b></span>David Charles Douglas; George William Greenaway (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkDVJp4QEQUC&pg=PA715">English Historical Documents, 1042-1189</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 715–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14367-7">978-0-415-14367-7</a>.<br />
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The historian Eadmer described the moral and the material reforms accomplished by Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury. The archbishop strove ‘to renew religion and morality among all orders of men throughout the kingdom; nor was he disappointed of his desire. For through his persuasion and teaching religion was increased throughout that country and everywhere new monastic buildings were constructed, as appears today.’<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lanfranc_(DNB00)">Lanfranc (DNB00) - Wikisource</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanfranc">Lanfranc - Wikipedia</a><br />
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Lanfranc as archbishop of Canterbury, tried to establish his overall authority and Primacy over the Church in England<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/William_the_Conqueror">Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William the Conqueror - Wikisource</a><br />
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Richard Burn (1763). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWJJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA409">Ecclesiastical Law</a>. <b>Courts</b>: H. Woodfall and W. Strahan, and sold by A. Millar. pp. 409–.<br />
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<a href="https://archive.org/stream/constitutionalhi00makorich#page/15/mode/1up">The constitutional history and constitution of the Church of England</a><br />
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<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6loAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA212">The History of England</a>. James, John and Paul Knapton. 1732. pp. 212–.<br />
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W. L. Warren (28 November 1977). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fZclS4hZkUC&pg=PA404">Henry II</a>. Chapter 11: Church and State in Norman England: University of California Press. pp. 404–5 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03494-5">978-0-520-03494-5</a>.<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>...<br />
In exercising the functions of their office ; the bishops were subject to a web of customary restrictions, of which the near-contemporary Eadmer selects two as typical: a council of bishop could not 'lay down any ordinance or prohibition unless these were agreeable to the king's wishes and had first been approved by him', nor could any bishop, except with the king's permission, 'take action against or excommunicate one of his barons or officials for incest or adultery or any other cardinal offence or even when guilt was notorious lay upon h im any penalty of ecclesiastical discipline<br />
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Some of the customary restrictions which William imposed on the clergy helped to ensure that the papacy was kept at arm's length: if prelates were summoned to attend the papal court or general councils they could not obey without his licence; he would not allow anyone to receive a letter from the pope unless it had first been shown to him; he would not allow papal legates to visit his dominions without his permission; even the recognition of a newly-elected bishop of Rome had to await the king's approval.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">>>>></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>St. Anselm and the troubles with William Rufus and Henry I of England</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Investiture Controversy</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">Anselm (later St Anselm) was Lanfranc's successor<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury - Wikipedia</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16px;">On the Continent and in England too there raged the Investiture Controversy </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_London_in_1102">Council of London in 1102 - Wikipedia</a></span><br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/09/conflict-of-investitures.html">Constitutions of Clarendon: Conflict of Investitures</a><br />
<br />
Eugene Rathbone Fairweather (1 January 1956). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2b5wp8UhpcC&pg=PA211">A Scholastic Miscellany: Anselm to Ockham</a> (Eadmer Settlement of the Controversy ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 211–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24418-7">978-0-664-24418-7</a>.<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms">Concordat of Worms - Wikipedia</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The King was recognised as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority ("by the lance") in the territories they governed, but not with sacred authority ("by ring and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozier" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crozier">staff</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">"). The result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters both to the pope and to the king, for they were obliged to affirm the right of the sovereign to call upon them for military support, under his oath of fealty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">>>>></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 16px;">Thomas Becket Controversy, Henry II, Constitutions of Clarendon, Liberty of the Church</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">This Blog</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">>>>></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">King John and Magna Carta</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 19px;"><b>References</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious">Louis the Pious - Wikipedia</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald">Charles the Bald - Wikipedia</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Thionville">Synod of Thionville - Wikipedia</a></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Ott, M.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">(1909).</span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Ebbo.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> In </span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The Catholic Encyclopedia<u>.</u></span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">New York: Robert Appleton Company.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Retrieved October 27, 2018 from New Advent:</span> <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05241a.htm">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05241a.htm</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://pseudo-isidore.com/">Pseudo-Isidore - An edition-in-progress of the False Decretals</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals">Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals - Wikipedia</a></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/a/yale.edu/decretumgratiani/introduction-to-pseudo-isidore" style="font-size: 16px;">Introduction to Pseudo-Isidore - Decretum Gratiani</a></span>James A Brundage (11 June 2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THjJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">Medieval Canon Law</a>. Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals: Routledge. pp. 26–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89534-3">978-1-317-89534-3</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII">Pope Gregory VII - Wikipedia</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatus_papae"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatus_papae">Dictatus papae - Wikipedi</a>a</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatus_papae"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_supremacy">Papal supremacy - Wikipedia</a></span><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" target="_blank">Donation of Constantine - Wikipedia</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform">Gregorian Reform - Wikipedia</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury - Wikipedia</a><br /><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "noto sans" , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif;">Brooke, Z. (1989). St Anselm. The rise of a papal party. In </span><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "noto sans", helvetica, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The English Church and the Papacy:From the Conquest to the Reign of John</i><span style="font-family: "noto sans" , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif;"> (pp. 147-163). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms">Diet of Worms - Wikipedia</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas_ecclesiae">Libertas ecclesiae - Wikipedia</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_Controversy">Investiture Controversy - Wikipedia</a></span><br />
<br /></div>
Zachary N. Brooke; Zachary Nugent Brooke (13 July 1989). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o54pyg3LtiUC&pg=PP1">The English Church and the Papacy: From the Conquest to the Reign of John</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36687-8">978-0-521-36687-8</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
Norman Frank Cantor (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyjWCgAAQBAJ">Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England, 1089-1135</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7699-0">978-1-4008-7699-0</a>.<br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183px54">Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England, 1089-1135 on JSTOR</a><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div>
Uta-Renate Blumenthal (1988). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tZhHot9CuEC">The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1386-6">0-8122-1386-6</a>.<br />
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Walter Ullmann (15 April 2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-t1EINwSRW4C&pg=PP1">The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages (Routledge Library Editions: Political Science Volume 35)</a>. Routledge. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-02630-1">978-1-135-02630-1</a>.<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span>
Wilfred Lewis Warren (1973). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8KrkVOxaT0C&pg=PA447">Henry II</a>. <b>Chapter 13: Archbishop Thomas Becket</b>: University of California Press. pp. 447–517. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02282-9">978-0-520-02282-9</a>.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-80486339223674588502018-10-23T06:38:00.002+01:002018-10-23T10:48:47.852+01:00Letter Queen Alice of France to Pope Alexander III, 1168<br />
Letter Queen Alice , Consort of Louis VII King of France, to Pope Alexander III, 1168<br />
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From<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Albert L'Huillier (1892). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNsxAQAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>Saint Thomas de Cantorbéry</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. Volume 2. V. Palmé. pp. 116–.</span><br />
<a href="https://archive.org/details/saintthomasdecan02lhui/page/116" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/saintthomasdecan02lhui/page/116</a><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
Translated from the French<br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">I speak to you as a lord and a father whose honour is as dear to my lord the King and to myself as our own honour. We have received you indeed for father and lord; for God and for you we have despised the friendship of kings who shudder around us and seek only your downfall. Deign therefore to listen to your daughter, and not to despise her words as a woman's words, but to hear them as those of a loving and devoted daughter. Last year a serious scandal was caused in the Gallican Church by John of Oxford, whose perjury had so easily triumphed over the Roman Church. After him came two cardinals, whose good works are still a mystery in this country; and please God that we should not speak of the wicked! The scandals have been multiplied. Now, by his last agents, the King of England has obtained letters patent [papal bulls], which one would like to believe to be false, and by which you take from the Archbishop of Canterbury, exiled for four years for justice, all power to enact no sentence against the King and his kingdom, to strike any person with his estates, until that day Archbishop [Thomas], it says, is returned to grace, O my father, these letters do they not seem to give to the King of England the right to sin with impunity and to hold the Archbishop in exile eternally? For henceforth [they say] he remains free to receive him or not to receive him in grace. So the Church has been scandalized in our country to the point that we cannot imagine greater trouble, because a bad precedent has thus been created for princes. My lord the King, to whom you have confided about the Archbishop, is greatly irritated, because your sentence, if you hold it, comes to slaughter the innocence between his royal hands. Consternation is by all the kingdom, because our enemies have prevailed with you. My lord the King is still waiting for the fulfillment of your promises; and if he does not see it promptly, he will know, he and his descendants, what he must hope for from the Roman Church. Farewell, most holy and dear father; dare to help the Archbishop [Thomas] of Canterbury. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Extract from</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Oxford,_John_of_(DNB00)" rel="nofollow" style="pointer-events: none;" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Oxford,_John_of_(DNB00)</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;">Protests reached Rome from every quarter against this change in the papal attitude; but the dean of Salisbury returned in triumph, boasting everywhere of his success (Materials, vi. 246 et passim). 'Gravissimum in ecclesia Gallicana scandalum fecit Johannes de Oxeneford qui suo perjurio de Romana tam facile triumphavit,' wrote Alice, queen of Louis VII, to the pope (ib. p. 468). In England he was still more vigorous in action. In January 1167 he had an interview with the king in Guienne, and was sent into England. Landing at Southampton, he found the Bishop of Hereford waiting to cross over to Becket. 'On finding him he forbade him to proceed, first in the name of the king, and then of the pope. The bishop then inquired .. . whether he had any letters to that purpose. He asserted that he had, and that the pope forbade him and the other bishops as well either to attend [Becket's] summons or obey [him] in any particular until the arrival of a legate de latere domini papie. . . . The bishop insisted on seeing the letters; but he said that he had sent them on with his baggage to Winchester. . . . When the Bishop of London saw the letters, he cried aloud as if unable to restrain himself, “Then Thomas shall no more be my archbishop”' (ib. vi. 151-2).</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;">Notes</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="color: #ba0008; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">At least one of the members of the Papal Curia in Rome was corrupt and venal. Henry had obtained by means of gold a papal bull which suspended the powers of the archbishop of Canterbury from issuing interdicts and excommunicating the king himself. The bull was, in fact, authentic. But under what circumstances hadit been written and how had it got into circulation? In reality Pope Alexander III had entrusted it to the members of an earlier papal commission who had been directed to keep it secret, and only to deliver it after they had established a definite change in the conduct of the king, and if by its publication it could establish a climate of peace.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="color: #ba0008; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Letter of John of Salisbury to Master Lombard of Piacenza, Summer 1168 </b> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="color: #ba0008; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="color: #ba0008; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Extract from</span></span></span><br /><br />Peters, Mary Josephine, "Historical Background and Translation of Letters 245-291 of John of Salisbury" (1943). Master's Theses. Paper 318 p.41-. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/318/ <br /><br /><span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="color: #ba0008; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="color: #ba0008; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
John narrates the happenings at the conference of the French and English Kings at La Ferté-Bernard on July 1-2, 1168, and the subsequent boasts of King Henry.
He also relates the opinions of the French on the scandalous machinations of the Cardinals John of Naples and John of Sutri.
...
He [King Henry ii] even boasted of having such friends in the cour</span></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #ba0008; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">t [Papal Curia] who would void all efforts of tbe Archbishop of Canterbury. They are so zealous in promoting his business, that not a single petition could be submitted or anything asked which is hot sent to him by his friends~ We know the names of those whose advice he follows and what they recently demanded in the court, that the cause of God and the poor of Christ are sold out at a cheap price; and there was no reckoning in the exchange of them. Would that those ounces of gold never existed, by which those were led to fa11l8 who should have been pillars of the Church! The King was so elated over his triumph that no secret was made in his own home who the Cardinals were that did not receive any of that obnoxious and base gold, or who they were that saw how it was doled out, to some more, to others less in proportion as they merited more or less in their subversion of justice. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="color: #ba0008; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
A fact that did not escape the notice of the King of the French was that the messenger of Bishop John of Naples went over from his camp to the King of England and certain persecutors of the Church, while we were at Montmirail. When the religious who are on the side of the King of Bngland heard the above-mentioned letter, they grieved very much and called down curses upon John of Naples and lohn of SS. John and Pau1 who were said to have fooled the Lord Pope. Master Geoffrey of Poitiers, a priest of Lord William Cardinal, did not consent with the plan and acts of the King's messengers, since he is looking for the kingdom of God. He openly protested that they were condemned by an anathema, b~cause they had sworn that the command ot the Lord Pope would be kept secret, and because the Lord Pope had.en~oined upon them by virtue ot obedience and under an anathema that it be kept secret. To make us despicable Betore all and to remove the comfort ot friends, who almost despair ot our peace, they together with their King praise the victories of their own malice and glory over the distress ot the Church. Would that the ears ot the Cardinals were at the mouths ot the French to whom the proverb ot this phrase might opportunely be applied: "The princes ot the Church are faithless; they are companions ot thieves." For they permit and give power to persecutors ot the Church to strike, to rob, and pillage the patrimony ot the Crucified, to share in damnable gain. Would that you, too, listened to the most Christian King who I fear cannot be recalled any more without bringing about the marriage between their children at the request ot the Emperor [Barbarosa]
...</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><b>References</b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;">Gilbertus Episcopus Londoniensis Foliot (1845). </span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YadSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA312" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: italic; white-space: normal;">Epistolae (etc.): 23-24</a><i> </i><b>Epistola DIX</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;"><b style="background-color: #fafafa;">.</b><span style="background-color: #fafafa;"> Parker. pp. 312–.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><br /></span>James Craigie Robertson (15 November 2012). </span><br />
<i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRgD_aMkU_0C&pg=PP1" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (Canonized by Pope Alexander III, AD 1173)</a></i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">. Volume 6. Cambridge University Press</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04930-6" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04930-6">978-1-108-04930-6</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">.<br />-- </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">MTB 440 <a href="https://archive.org/details/materialsforhist06robe/page/468">https://archive.org/details/materialsforhist06robe/page/468</a><br />-- MTB 331 </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><a href="https://archive.org/details/materialsforhist06robe/page/245">https://archive.org/details/materialsforhist06robe/page/245</a><br /><br /><span style="font-style: inherit;">Saint Thomas Becket; Anne Duggan tr and ed (2000). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDCMwH8FlJYC&pg=PP1" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit;"><i>The Correspondence of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162-1170: Letters 1-175</i></a><span style="font-style: inherit;">. Volume 1. Letter CTB 150 Thomas Becket to Pope Alexander III, ca 11 Dec 1167: Clarendon Press. pp. 694–.</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-style: inherit;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820892-1" style="font-style: inherit;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820892-1">978-0-19-820892-1</a><span style="font-style: inherit;">.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-style: inherit;">Richard Hurrell Froude (1839). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ws6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA233" rel="nofollow"><i>Remains</i></a>. Chapter X John of Oxford's Proceedings at the Court of Rome: publisher not identified. pp. 233–.<br /><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;"><span style="font-style: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit;">Richard Hurrell Froude (1839). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ws6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA254" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit;"><i>Remains</i></a><span style="font-style: inherit;">. Chapter XI Arrival of the Legates: publisher not identified. pp. 254–.<br /><br />Richard Hurrell Froude (1839). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ws6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA333" rel="nofollow"><i>Remains</i></a>. Chapter XIV Suspension of the Archbishop: publisher not identified. pp. 333–.<br /><br />Richard Hurrell Froude (1839). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ws6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA365" rel="nofollow"><i>Remains</i></a>. Chapter XV Conferences at Montmirail: publisher not identified. pp. 365–.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">John Morris; Saint Thomas (à Becket) (1859). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbNfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA214" rel="nofollow" style="font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The Life and Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, Etc</i></a><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">. Chapter XXIV The Cardinal Legates. pp. 214–.<br /><br />John Morris; Saint Thomas (à Becket) (1859). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbNfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA227" rel="nofollow"><i>The Life and Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, Etc</i></a>. Chapter XXV Meanwhile. pp. 227–.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">Elizabeth Missing Sewell (1876). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92" rel="nofollow"><i>Popular History of France: Fr. the Earliest Period to the Death of Louis XIV</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. 92–.<br /><br /><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Michael Staunton (7 December 2001). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97F23Rt1P8sC&pg=PA154" rel="nofollow"><i>The Lives of Thomas Becket</i></a>. 37. Conference at Montmirail 6th January 1169: Manchester University Press. pp. 154–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5455-6">978-0-7190-5455-6</a>.<br /><br />Michael Staunton (7 December 2001). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97F23Rt1P8sC&pg=PA150" rel="nofollow"><i>The Lives of Thomas Becket</i></a>. 36. Conference between Gisors and Trie 18 November 1167: Manchester University Press. pp. 150–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5455-6">978-0-7190-5455-6</a>.<br /><br />John Thomas Noonan (1987). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zgp1_zeJbEC&pg=PA168" rel="nofollow"><i>Bribes</i></a>. <b>Bribing the Cardinals</b>: University of California Press. pp. 168–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06154-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06154-5">978-0-520-06154-5</a>.</cite></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-42521552951878768092018-10-04T08:13:00.002+01:002018-11-22T07:11:38.431+00:00Garnier - Attempts at Reconciliation <script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
Extract from<br />
http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf<br />
Stanzas 797-814<br />
Lines 3981-4070<br />
<br />
797<br />
Mais li honurez reis de France, Loëwis,<br />
Endementieres s’est durement entremis<br />
Que il fesist le rei e saint Thomas amis.<br />
L’apostolies i ad sovent ses briefs tramis<br />
3985 As concilies qu’il unt de l’acorde entre els pris.<br />
<br />
798<br />
Un parlement dut estre a Punteise asemblez.<br />
Tresqu’a Paris en est l’apostolies alez ;<br />
L’arcevesques i fu, pur qui fu purparlez.<br />
Mais quant li reis Henris en fu bien acertez<br />
3990 Que la pape i sereit, ariere est returnez.<br />
<br />
799<br />
En Nujem le Rotrout out un parlement pris<br />
Entre le rei Henri e le rei Loëwis ;<br />
Pur sa besuigne faire l’out pris li reis Henris.<br />
L’arcevesque i mena li reis de Saint Denis,<br />
3995 Qu’il feïst, s’il peüst, lui e le rei amis.<br />
<br />
800<br />
Mais li reis d’Engleterre n’out suing de l’acorder ;<br />
Preia le rei de France qu’il l’en laissast ester<br />
De Thomas l’arcevesque, qu’il n’en volsist parler,<br />
E il li frea tut quanqu’il volt demander.<br />
4000 « E jel larrai tresbien, fait Loëwis li ber.<br />
<br />
801<br />
Jo ne sui pas de lui ne des suens anuiez,<br />
E de lui retenir sui je tut aaisiez ;<br />
Car de sun grant sens est mis regnes enhauciez,<br />
Li vostres suffreitus e forment enpeiriez :<br />
4005 Greignur mestier que jo certes en avrïez. »<br />
<br />
802<br />
Quant vint a l’arcevesque li gentilz reis de France,<br />
Fait il : « De vostre acorde n’avrai ja mes fiance ;<br />
Mais ainceis en oi jo tut adès esperance.<br />
Car al rei d’Engleterre truis jo si grant bobance<br />
4010 Qu’il ne m’en volt oïr, n’en conseil n’en oiance.<br />
<br />
803<br />
Alcune feiz vus ai e preié e requis<br />
Que vus remansissiez el regne saint Denis ;<br />
Or vus abandoins jo mun regne e mun païs,<br />
Estampes e Orliens e Chartres e Paris ;<br />
4015 Del mien e de mes rentes ert vostre estuveir pris. »<br />
<br />
804<br />
A Muntmirail unt puis un parlement eü.<br />
Dui chardenal de Rume i sunt al rei venu :<br />
Vuillames de Pavie e dan Johans i fu<br />
De Naples, qui al rei se sunt del tut tenu,<br />
4020 E l’arcevesque eüssent volentiers deceü.<br />
<br />
805<br />
Li reis lur dist que tant se volt humilïer<br />
Qu’il frea l’arcevesque quanqu’il voldrunt jugier,<br />
E quanque saint’iglise en voldra otrïer,<br />
Se c’est que l’arcevesques s’i volsist apuier.<br />
4025 « Si fera, funt li il ; ço ne puet il laissier. »<br />
<br />
806<br />
La nuit que l’endemain dut estre l’asemblee,<br />
Jut saint Thomas a Chartres od gent qu’il ot menee.<br />
Un’itel visiun li aveit Deus mustree<br />
Qu’il sout certainement, sil dist sa gent privee,<br />
4030 A quel chief la parole sereit le jur finee.<br />
<br />
807<br />
Vis li fu qu’en un liu il e li reis esteit.<br />
Un mult bel hanap d’or, u doré, li offreit<br />
Li reis, tut plain de vin, e beivre li roveit.<br />
Il esguardout le vin : si truble le veeit<br />
4035 Que beivre ne l’osout ne prendre nel voleit.<br />
<br />
808<br />
Quant il ot esguardé le hanap tut entur<br />
E vit le vin si truble qu’il en out grant hisdur,<br />
Dous iraignes vit surdre des funz d’une tenur ;<br />
Sur l’un ur s’asist l’une, e l’altre sur l’autre ur.<br />
4040 « Ostez, fait il ; ne voil beivre ceste puur. »<br />
<br />
809<br />
Al matin ses privez e ses clers apela ;<br />
Cel sunge que la nuit out sungié lur cunta.<br />
« Bien sai, fait il, coment cest parlement prendra.<br />
Mult beaus offres, fait il, li reis nus offerra,<br />
4045 Mais jo nes prendrai pas ; car grant engin i a.<br />
<br />
<br />
810<br />
Li beaus hanas dorez qu’il me voleit puirier,<br />
Ço erent li bel offre que ne voldrai baillier,<br />
Li trubles vins, engins qu’il volt apareillier ;<br />
E les dous granz iraignes sunt li dui paltenier<br />
4050 Cardenal, qui nus volent, s’il poent, enginnier. »<br />
<br />
811<br />
Quant il vint al concilie, les cardenals trova.<br />
Li reis dit qu’en ces dous volentiers se metra,<br />
E quanqu’il jugerunt volentiers ensiwra,<br />
E quanque saint’iglise esguarder en voldra.<br />
4055 Il vit bien les engins e tresbien se guarda.<br />
<br />
812<br />
En ces laz le voleient li cardenal buter :<br />
Dient que lur esguard ne pet il refuser,<br />
Ne ço que saint’iglise en voldra esguarder.<br />
E dit qu’a saint’iglise ne volt il contrester,<br />
4060 Ne al rei ne volt il fors raisun demander ;<br />
<br />
813<br />
Mais il ne volt, ço dit, n’en plait n’en cause entrer,<br />
Tresque li reis li ait fait del tut restorer,<br />
E a lui e as suens, e rendre e renformer<br />
Lur chose, ensi cum il la laissierent ester<br />
4065 A l’ure qu’il les fist d’Engleterre turner.<br />
<br />
814<br />
Car dessaisiz ne volt pur nule rien plaidier.<br />
Ço ne voleit li reis en nul sens otrïer,<br />
Mais a ces dous voleit qu’il se laissast jugier.<br />
Mais il ne se volt pas a lur diz apuier.<br />
4070 Ensi s’en departi ; n’i pout plus espleitier.<br />
<br />
<b>Translation</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr">
797<br />
Meanwhile the highly respected [most Christian] king of France, Louis [le Jeune, VII] during this time applied himself in particular to trying to establish amicable relations between the king [of England] and St. Thomas. The Pope often sent letters [of encouragement] to the meetings [in the hope] that they would reach an accord between them. <a href="tel:3985">3985</a><br />
<a href="tel:3985"><br /></a></div>
<div dir="ltr">
798<br />
A council was convoked to meet at Pontoise. The Pope therefore came as far as Paris because of it; archbishop [Thomas] went there, in order to consult with him. But when king Henry was reliably informed that he [Becket] would be there, he about turned and went back. <a href="tel:3990">3990</a></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr">
799<br />
In Nogent-le-Rotrou a[nother] conference was held between king Henry and king Louis; King Henry had accepted [to come to] this in principle in order to further his business. The king [of France] brought the archbishop with him there from Saint Denis in order to try to make them friends if he could. <a href="tel:3995">3995</a><br />
<a href="tel:3995"><br /></a>
800<br />
But the king of England cared not to come to an accord [with Thomas]; and begged the king of France that he would leave off discussing about archbishop Thomas, for he did not want to. And that he would yield to him everything whatsoever he might want to ask for<br />
<< And I [also] would very much like to leave that issue be.>> Said the virtuous king Louis. 4000<br />
<a href="tel:3995"><br /></a>
801<br />
>>I am not worried for either him or his people, and I would be completely happy to retain [his services] as his great sense [of morality] enhances the reputation of my kingdom. That of yours is bereft and sorely impaired [by his absence] and is in very much greter need of his skills. It is certain that you have more need of him than I do.>><br />
<br />
802<br />
<a href="tel:3995"></a><br />
Afterwards the noble king of France went to the archbishop. He [the king of France] said [to him]: <<I would never swear [I could obtain] your reconciliation [with the king of England] but rather I always had [great] hope for it, but in the king of England I have discovered so great a vanity that he doesn't want to listen to me about it, neither in a private council, nor at an open hearing.>><br />
<br />
803<br />
Many times I have both urged and demanded that you should remain in the kingdom of Saint Denis; now I place at your disposal my kingdom and my country: Étampes and Orleans, Chartres and Paris, your needs will be met from my treasury and out of my income. 4015<br />
<br />
804<br />
At Montmirail a conference was held. Two cardinals came from Rome to king Henry: they were William of Pavia and His Eminence John of Naples, who sided with the king in everything and who were willing to deceive the archbishop. 4020</div>
<b><br /></b>
805<br />
The king said he was willing to humble himself thus far: that he would make a deal with the archbishop in whatever way they judged fit and in whatever way pleased Holy Church. He wondered if the archbishop would be in favour of this.<br />
<<He must comply.>> they [the Cardinals] said,<<He cannot avoid doing this.>> 4025<br />
<br />
806<br />
On the night before the day set for the meeting St. Thomas lodged at Chartres together with the people he had brought with him. [That night] he had a vision. God had revealed this to him in a dream so that he would know with some certainty what would happen to him on the following day, what would be the main outcome of the discussions at the end of the day. He related this [vision] to his private circle [of companions]. 4030<br />
<br />
807<br />
[In his dream] it seemed to him that he was with the king in some place and that the king held out a very fine golden or gilded goblet full of wine and asked him to drink from it. [Thomas] looked at the thing and saw that it was very cloudy so much so that he had no wish to dare to imbibe or take it. 4035<br />
<br />
808<br />
After he had examined the goblet all round and saw that the wine was [indeed] very cloudy [it was then] that he had a [very] great shock. [He saw] two spiders emerge from the bottom of the goblet with one intent [to climb the sides of the goblet.] One sat on one side of the rim and the other sat on the other side of the same.<br />
He cried out: <<Take this away. I have no wish to drink this putrid potion.>> 4040<br />
<br />
809<br />
In the morning he summoned his private circle of close companions to relate to them this vision which he had had that night.<br />
<<I know well,>> he said <<how this conference will turn out. The king will make many fine offers to us but I will not accept any, because in them lie a great deceit [trap] 4045<br />
<br />
810<br />
>> The fine golden goblet which he wishes to give me was a fine offer which I cannot accept, the cloudy wine are traps which he wanted to set up. And the two large spiders are the two cardinals who want to plot against us if they can.>> 8050<br />
<br />
811<br />
When he [Thomas] arrived at the conference [council] he [indeed] found the cardinals were there.The king said he was willing to submit himself to these two's judgement and that whatever decision they came to he would willingly abide by it, and whatever decision Holy Church came to he would consider it. He [Thomas] well saw the scheming and guarded himself against them. 4055<br />
<br />
812.<br />
The cardinals wanted to push him into this snare, saying that he could not refuse to accept their decision nor any decision which Holy Church might want. And he said that he did not want to oppose any decision of Holy Church, nor did he want to demand anything from the king other than [his] lawful rights. 8060<br />
<br />
813<br />
But he did not wish, so he said, to enter into any legal plea [appeal] or to start a case about it until the king had restored all those things belonging to him and his people, both giving back and restoring their belongings in that same state just as they had left them at that time when they had been forced to leave England. 4065<br />
<br />
814<br />
for he [Becket] had no wish to make a legal plea for anything as a dispossessed person.The king [Henry II] in no sense wanted to agree to this. But he wanted to leave it to these two [cardinals] to make a judgement, But he [Becket] had no wish himself to accept their pronouncements. So he made his exit, as he could do no more. 4070<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
Immanuel Bekker (1838). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMsFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA104">La vie St. Thomas le martir: altfranzosisches gedicht aus einer wolfenbüttler handschrift</a>. pp. 104–.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/details/laviedesaintthom00gueruoft/page/134?q=Mais+li+honurez+reis">La vie de Saint Thomas le martyr; poème historique du 12e siècle (1172-1174) Publié par E. Walberg : Guernes, de Pont-Sainte-Maxence</a>. p. 134-<br />
<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/details/laviedesaintthom00gueruoft/page/277?q=Mais+li+honurez+reis">La vie de Saint Thomas le martyr; poème historique du 12e siècle (1172-1174) Publié par E. Walberg : Guernes, de Pont-Sainte-Maxence, p. 277- </a><br />
<br />
<span class="reference-text" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Guernes (de Pont-Sainte-Maxence); Gouttebroze & Quefelec tr (1990). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lS4oAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>La vie de saint Thomas Becket</i></a>. Libr. H. Champion. p. 107- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85203-111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85203-111-1">978-2-85203-111-1</a>.</span><br />
<span class="reference-text" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span class="reference-text" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Guernes (de Pont-Sainte-Maxence); Jacques Thomas tr (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiHrAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>La vie de Saint Thomas de Canterbury</i></a>. Peeters. pp. 237–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1188-8">978-90-429-1188-8</a>.</span><br />
<span class="reference-text" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span class="reference-text" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Richard Barber (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BbzbnyvnqIC&pg=PA125" rel="nofollow"><i>Henry Plantagenet</i></a>. Boydell Press. pp. 125–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-993-5">978-0-85115-993-5</a>.</span><br />
<span class="reference-text" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span class="reference-text" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Saint Thomas (à Becket); Saint Thomas Becket; Thomas (Becket.) (2000). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDCMwH8FlJYC&pg=PA267" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The Correspondence of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162-1170: Letters 1-175</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. Volume 1. CTB 68 April 1166 Letter Becket to king Henry II Loqui de Deo: Clarendon Press. pp. 267–. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820892-1" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820892-1">978-0-19-820892-1</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-38125462214703146592018-09-12T18:59:00.000+01:002018-09-13T18:44:59.753+01:00English Law: Glanvill on Unwritten Laws and CustomsExtract from the Preface of <i>Tractatus de legibus & consuetudinibus regni Angliae</i><br />
<br />
Ranulf de Glanville; tr. John Beames (1812). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxNWW1Vr4nsC&pg=PR36">A Translation of Glanville</a>. Preface: W. Reed. pp. xxxvi–xl.<br />
<br />
[The following is dated approximately 1187-9]<br />
...<br />
<div>
Since each decision [in the King's Court] is governed by the Laws of the Realm, and by those Customs which, founded on reason in their introduction, have for a long time prevailed; and, what is still more laudable, our King disdains not to avail himself of the advice of such men (although his subjects) whom, in gravity of manners, in skill in the Law and Customs of the Realm, in the superiority of their wisdom and Eloquence, he knows to surpass others, and whom he has found by experience most prompt, as far as consistent with reason, in the administration of Justice, by determining Causes and ending suits, acting now with more severity, and now with more lenity, as they see most expedient. For the English Laws, although not written, may as it should seem, and that without any absurdity, be termed Laws, (since this itself is a Law—<i>that which pleases the Prince has the force of Law*</i>) I mean, those Laws which it is evident were promulgated by the advice of the Nobles and the authority of the Prince, concerning doubts to be settled in their Assembly. For, if from the mere want of writing only, they should not be considered as Laws, then, unquestionably, writing would seem to confer more authority upon Laws themselves, than either the Equity of the persons constituting, or the reason of those framing, them. But, to reduce in every instance the Laws and Constitutions of the Realm into writing, would be, in our times, absolutely impossible, as well on account of the ignorance of writers, as of the confused multiplicity of the Laws. But, there are some, which, as they more generally occur in Court, and are more frequently used, it appears to me not presumptuous to put into writing, but rather very useful to most persons, and highly necessary to assist the memory. A certain portion of those I therefore intend to reduce into writing, purposely making use of a vulgar style, and of words occurring in Court, in order to instruct those who are less accustomed to this kind of vulgarity. In proof of which, I have distinguished the present work by Books and Chapters.</div>
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">* This principle, the very basis of despotism occurs in the Roman code. (Justin. Instit. L. 1. t. 2. s. 6.) It may very justly be questioned, whether it is not here cited ironically. At all events, the passage of our text can scarcely warrant the conclusion the celebrated M. Houard has drawn from it. But the Reader shall have his own words—Le Terte de notre Auteur prouve qu'après la conquéte, les Anglois regurent, de Guillaume le Bátard, les mémes Maximes que nous avions jusques-lè suivies, a l'égard du Droit exclusif, que nos Rois avoient toujours erercé, de faire les Loir. (Traités Sur les coutumes Anglo-Normandes par M. Houard. I. 378.)</span></div>
<div>
....</div>
<br />
Henry II almost certainly considered the Constitutions of Clarendon, which were rendered into writing and codified in January 1164, as previously informal unwritten Customary Law that had been in force at the time of his grandfather, Henry I. Glanvill would have concurred with this status for them.<br />
<br />
The meeting at Clarendon in 1164 transformed them into written English Statute Law.<br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Ranulf de Glanville . <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3pBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR29">Tractatus de legibus & consuetudinibus regni Angliae, tempore regis Henrici Secundi compositus: justiciae gubernacula tenente illustri viro Ranulpho de Glanvilla, juris regni et antiquarum consuetudinum eo tempore peritissimo</a>. <b>Prologus</b>: Prostant venales apud J. White et E. Brooke. pp. 29–. [Compiled in 1780]<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulf_de_Glanvill">Ranulf de Glanvill - Wikipedia</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractatus_de_legibus_et_consuetudinibus_regni_Anglie">Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie - Wikipedia</a><br />
<br />
Ranulf de Glanville (1965). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x--xAAAAIAAJ">The Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Realm of England: Commonly Called Glanvill</a>. Nelson.<br /><br />G. D. G. Hall (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4Uc1MKRjccC&pg=PR89">The Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Realm of England Commonly Called Glanvill</a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 89–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158518-0">978-0-19-158518-0</a>.<br />
<br />
R. C. Caenegem; Raoul-Charles van Caenegem (1988). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUqm4hN6OwkC&pg=PA1">The Birth of the English Common Law</a>. Chapter 1: English Courts from the Conqueror to Glanvill: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35682-4">978-0-521-35682-4</a>.<br />
<br />
Natalie Fryde (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyASBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">Why Magna Carta?: Angevin England Revisited</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 55–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-5657-1">978-3-8258-5657-1</a>.<br />
<br />
Ranulf de Glanville (1780). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3pBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1">Tractatus de legibus & consuetudinibus regni Angliae, tempore regis Henrici Secundi compositus: justiciae gubernacula tenente illustri viro Ranulpho de Glanvilla, juris regni et antiquarum consuetudinum eo tempore peritissimo</a>. Prostant venales apud J. White et E. Brooke<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<b>That which pleases the Prince has the Force of the Law</b></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ulpian">Ulpian - Wikiquote</a></div>
<br />
Mortimer J. Adler (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkfBvAsOjYwC&pg=PA141">How to Think about the Great Ideas: From the Great Books of Western Civilization(Volume 2 Of 2 )</a>. ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 141–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-2006-1">978-1-4587-2006-1</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>King above Law? "Quod Principi Placuit" in Bracton</b><br />
Ewart Lewis<br />
Speculum<br />
Vol. 39, No. 2 (Apr., 1964), pp. 240-269<br />
Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America<br />
DOI: 10.2307/2852728<br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2852728" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2852728</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-19668721060071753252018-08-26T09:01:00.002+01:002018-10-01T09:22:37.662+01:00Garnier: Conference at Montmirail January 1169<div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
The Failed Accord at the Conference of Montmirail 6th January 1169 [Epiphany]</div>
<br />
By the Chateau de Montmirail in the Perche-Gouet<br />
<br />
Extract from<br />
<a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a><br />
Stanzas 815 -843<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Lines 4071-4215</span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">815</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Un altre parlement out a Muntmirail pris ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Si fu par l’apostolie e par ses briés asis.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Od les barons franceis i fu reis Loëwis ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Od mult riche barnage i fu li reis Henris.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4075 Mult i out grant clergié e mult baruns de pris.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">816</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Car de part l’apostolie de Rume i sunt alé</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Danz Bernarz de la Coldre, sainz hum de grant bunté,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li priurs del Munt Deu, huem de grant honesté,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arcevesque e evesque e priur e abé,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4080 Pur faire cele pes. E mult s’en sunt pené.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">817</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Saint Thomas demandeit les dreiz de saint’iglise,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[126] Possessiun e rente que li reis en out prise ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E li reis, la custume qui el regne iert asise :</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ses custumes ne volt laissier en nule guise.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4085 Saint Thomas ne volt faire, ço dit, si grant mesprise. </span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
818<br />
Tant alerent entr’els clerc e lai tute jur,<br />
Que li reis dit : ne quiert mes qu’il en ait honur ;<br />
Face li ço que firent as suens si anceisur ;<br />
Lui covient que ses genz aient de li poür,<br />
4090 E pur ço volt mustrer e fierté e reidur.<br />
<br />
819<br />
Car felenesse gent a mult a guverner,<br />
E pur ço li covient mult fier semblant mustrer.<br />
Mais se li arcevesques li volt tut graanter<br />
Ço que si anceisur voldrent as suens guarder,<br />
4095 Lanfrancs e sainz Ansealmes, ne volt plus demander.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">820</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">L’arcevesque respunt : ja Damnedeu ne place</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que il deie tenir chose dunt rien ne sace ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">La u il firent bien, dreiz est que il le face,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E la u il mesfirent n’en volt sivre lur trace ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4100 Car n’a en cest siecle humme a la feiz ne mesface.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">821</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sainz Pieres li apostles, que Deus tant honura</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que en ciel e en terre poesté li dona,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jesu Crist sun seignur par treis feiz reneia.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E ço ne fereit il pur quanqu’en cest mund a,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4105 Ne ja contre raisun custume ne tendra.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">822</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Des custumes ne set, ço dit, nule numer</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que li suen anceisur durent as reis guarder.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li reis dit qu’a dous cenz les li fera jurer</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chevaliers e proveires. Dunc respundi li ber</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4110 Qu’il li purreit asez des jureürs trover,</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">823</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ne metra saint’iglise en lur serement mais.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Seignur, fait dunc li reis, il n’a cure de pais.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[127] Veez cum jo li faz amur e grant relais ! »</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dunc unt tuit escrïé l’arcevesque a un fais ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4115 E clerc e lai li crient que trop esteit engreis.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">824</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quant l’arcevesque veit que tuit li curent sure,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nul ne s’en volt a lui apuier a cel’ure,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Del quer parfunt suspire e des oilz del chief plure,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E prie Jesu Crist, qui saint’iglise aüre,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4120 Qu’il ne face tel plait dunt envers Deu encure.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">825</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dunc dist li reis Henris qu’en cels treis se metreit</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Des evesques de France que il en eslirreit, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E quanqu’il en fereient qu’il le graantereit.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dunc li crïerent tuit que asez en faiseit.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4125 Saint Thomas dist qu’en France mult produmes aveit,</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">826</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E ço que il ferunt volt il bien graanter :</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sauf sun ordre, voldra les custumes guarder.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li reis jure cel mot en estuvra oster :</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Par cel mot le voldreit, ço dist, ensoffimer.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4130 De tutes parz li dient qu’il laist cel mot ester.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">827</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mais li sainz arcevesques idunc li graanta</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que, salve la fei Deu, les custumes tendra.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li reis jure les oilz ja cil moz n’i sera ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Car sofisme, ço dit, e grant engin i a.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4135 – Mais ja mais nul engin en la fei Deu n’avra.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">828</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dunc dist li arcevesques que tut ço li fereit</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que nuls des arcevesques sun rei faire deveit.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li reis jure les oilz ja cel mot n’i sereit :</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trecherie, ço dit, e engin i aveit.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4140 – Mais ne quiert nul engin qui fait que faire deit.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">829</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li reis dit qu’il ne quiert mes qu’il li face honur :</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Face li ço que firent as reis si anceisur,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que tuz li mieudres d’els fist a tut le peiur.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[128] Dunc respundirent tuit li sage e li meillur</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4145 Que li reis dit asez : pais volt e offre amur.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">830</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quant l’arcevesque vit tuit se tindrent al rei,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li priurs del Munt Deu e Bernarz del Coldrei</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E nis li reis de France, u il ot greignur fei,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">De ses beals oilz plura e se tint tut en sei :</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4150 « Seignurs, fait il a els, sa volenté otrei. »</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">831</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quant l’arcevesques out al rei tut otrïé</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E se furent a ço d’ambes parz apuié,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dunc ad li arcevesques sun capel jus sachié,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Li reis Henris, le suen ; dunc se sunt aprescié,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4155 Qu’en pais s’entrebaissassent e en veire amistié.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">832</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fait dunc li arcevesques, qui Deus esteit mult pres :</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Sire, a l’onur de Deu e la vostre vus bes. »</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fait dunc Gefrei Ridel : « Ci ad soffisme adès.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">– Veire, par les oilz Deu, fait il, n’a soing de pes. »</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4160 Dunc turna sun cheval, si s’en poinst a eslès. </span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">833</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quant le rei d’Engleterre en virent si partir,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Clerc e lai comencierent l’arcevesque a laidir,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E dient qu’il out tort, qu’il ne se volt tenir</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">En ço qu’ot graanté, e k’um nel puet grevir ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4165 Ne virent unches pais pur si poi deguerpir.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">834</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tuz perdi les Franceis saint Thomas a cel jur ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Par France l’apeleient felun e traïtur.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">A l’ostel s’en ala li huem Nostre Seignur.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Si clerc furent vers li e murne e en irur,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4170 E dient qu’il les a tuz morz senz nul retur.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">835</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Grant tort avez, fait il ; jo vus tieng tuz pur orbs.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">De grant hunte nus a Damnedeus wi estors :</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Car li reis nus soleit demander granz estors,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Apeler traïturs e malveis de noz cors ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4175 Relaissié nus en ad, e tut c’en a mis fors.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">836</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Or ne nus demande el mais qu’il en ait honur,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[129] Que tenum les custumes si cum nostre anceisur ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E nus li graantames. Mes ja mais a nul jur</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">N’i avendra pur humme. Merci al creatur</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4180 Que sumes eschapé de si grant desonur ! »</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">837</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dunc fist ses briefs escrire. L’apostolie a mandé</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tut ço qu’il out al rei pur la pes graanté,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E pur quei li reis l’a guerpi e refusé</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E a Deu de sa pais par covenant osté.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4185 Or li prie e requiert mant l’en sa volenté.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">838</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">A la Ferté Bernart jut li reis cele nuit.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Devant ses privez a Gefrei Ridel aduit.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Cestui voil jo, fait il, que vus honurez tuit.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mielz s’est ui esmerez de l’or set feiz recuit.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4190 Guari m’a par sun sens ; li fel ne m’a suduit. »</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">839</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quant il se fu culchiez e il s’out purpensé</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">De ço que l’arcevesque li aveit graanté,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E que pur un sul mot l’out ensi refusé,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dit qu’il est enginniez e que mal a erré,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4195 Car l’arcevesques out faite sa volenté.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">840</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E jure les oilz Deu e volt bien afichier</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que ja mais a cel puint ne purra repairier. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tuz ses servanz ad fait erramment esveillier,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E ad fait pur l’evesque de Peitiers enveier,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4200 Tost vienge a li parler. Il ne s’i volt targier.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">841</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">A mienuit ala al rei Henri parler.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Vus estuvra, fait il, a l’arcevesque aler.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enginniez sui, quant pais ne li voil graanter,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Car il m’out otrïé quanque soi demander.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4205 Par les oilz Deu, ja mais n’i purrai recovrer !</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">842</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Or alez après lui, pensez de l’espleitier.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dites lui qu’or prendrai ço que il m’offri ier. »</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dunc munta li evesques, ne s’i volt plus targier,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E enveia avant sa venue nuncier.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4210 Quant saint Thomas l’oï, fist ses sumiers cargier.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">843</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">El chemin s’esteit mis, ne l’a pas atendu.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">L’evesque le siwi tut a col estendu ;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">E quant il vint a lui, si li ad respundu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que ja mais a cel point u il l’orent eü</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4215 Ne vendreit pur nul humme, car contre raisun fu. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118);"><span style="font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Translation</span></span>
</b>
<span style="color: #ba0008;"><span style="font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
815<br />
Another conference took place at Montmirail, it had been summoned to this place by the Pope, by one his letters. King Louis [VI] came there with the French barons; king Henry came there with many of [his] powerful barons. [And there were also] there many grand [members] of the clergy [together with] many other barons of worth. 4075<br />
<br />
816<br />
On behalf of the Pope of Rome [Alexander III] were sent there, the lord Bernard de la Coudre [the prior of Grandmont,] a holy man of great virtue, and the prior of Mont Dieu a man of great honesty, [and] archbishops and bishops, and priors and abbots, [all] for to broker this peace; and they [all] did their very best [to achieve] this [aim]. 4080.<br />
<br />
817<br />
St Thomas demanded the rights of Holy Church, [and all] the possessions [property] and rents that the king had seized from him; and the king [insisted] on the customs which belonged to the kingdom, [those of] his customs which he did not wish to let go of in any way. St Thomas did not to commit such a great wrongdoing. 4085<br />
<br />
818<br />
There were many comings and goings between the clerics and laity the whole day long, until king [Henry] declared that he would seek no more than a sign of respect:<br />
That he [Thomas, the archbishop] must act towards him as his [Thomas'] predecessors had done towards his [king Henry's] ancestors, that his people [subjects] must fear him. And that by this he wanted to demonstrate that he had both strength and determination. 4090<br />
<br />
819<br />
Because he had many wicked people to govern. and for this reason he had to seem to look as if he was very cruel. But he would grant the archbishop everything, if he would [agree to] observe those [customs] which belonged to his ancestors [the same customs] which Lanfranc and St Anselm [had observed]. He did not wish to ask for more. 4095<br />
<br />
820<br />
The archbishop replied: <<It does not please Almighty God that I should hold to those things about; which I know nothing: where they have done good it is right that I should do as they did, but where they have done wrong, I have no wish to follow in their footsteps. Indeed, there is no one in this world who does not commit sin. 4100<br />
<br />
821<br />
St Peter the apostle, whom God greatly honoured, and Who gave him power both in Heaven and [here] upon Earth, denied his Lord, Jesus Christ, three times. And for this there was nothing in this world which would make him ever adhere to custom against reason [holy/Canon Law]. 4105<br />
<br />
<div>
[Luke 22:54-62]<br />
<br />
822<br />
Then he said that he did not know or could not name a single custom which his predecessors had supposedly held on behalf of [their] kings. The king said that he had two hundred jurors [witnesses] [ready] who would swear to them, [both] knights and priests. Then our hero replied that he [the king] might be able to find enough jurors [witnesses] 4110<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">823</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><<Never will I bind Holy Church upon their oath.>> [said St. Thomas]</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><<My lords,>> the king then said, <<look he has never sought peace. See how I show him friendship and pardon him!>> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then all [present] howled in unison at the archbishop: both clerics and laity shouted at him that he was too insolent. 4115</span><br />
<br />
824<br />
When the archbishop saw that all present. [and that] no one wanted to come to his assistance at that moment, from the very depths of his heart he sighed and the eyes in his head began to fill with tears; and he prayed to Jesus Christ, whom Holy Church venerates, that he would not take any such action which would render him guilty [of a sin] towards God. 4120<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">825</span></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><br style="font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then king Henry said that in this he would defer to three bishops of France that he [Becket] may choose and whatever [agreement] they came up with that he would accept it. Then they [all those around him] cried out that he [the king] was doing more than enough. St. Thomas said that France had many fine men [bishops] ... 4125</span><b style="background-color: #fafafa;"><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">826</span><br style="font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">... and that he would well like to promise to keep the customs [but on the condition of] "saving his order". The king swore that these words must be excluded [from any agreement]. By these words, he said, he [Becket] would be [deliberately] trying to deceive him [the king] with sophistry. [Those present] from all sides said to him [Becket] that he should leave these words out. 4130</span><br style="font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><b><br /></b><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">827</span><br style="font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rather the holy archbishop then consented that he would keep the agreement [the customs] "saving his faith in God" [the fealty/honour due to God]. The king then swore by the eyes of God that this phrase could not be used in this agreement. As there was sophistry [in them too], so he said, and great deceit therein. -- But never would there be any deceit in one's faith in God. [How could there be?] 4135</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">828</span><br style="font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then the archbishop said that he would do everything for him that an archbishop should do for his king. The king swore by the eyes of God saying that these words were treacherous and there was deceit in hiding in them - But there is no deceit if one does as one must do. </span></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[How could there be?] </span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4140</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;">829</span><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;">The king [king Henry] said that he sought no more than he [Becket] should do honour [show respect] to him, that which was done towards the kings of old by his [Becket's] predecessors: everything that the least of them [archbishops] had done towards the very worst [king]. Then all the wise people and the best men [present] said that the king had [openly] said enough, [that] he wanted peace and offered friendship. 4145</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118);"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118);"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;">830</span><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;">When archbishop [Becket] saw that everyone was siding with king [Henry], [that is] the prior of Mont-Dieu, and Bernard de Coudré, and even the king of France, in whom he had had greatest faith, his fine eyes filled with tears and when he had recovered himself he said to them, <<My Lords, I consent to his [king Henry's] will.>></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118);"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118);"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118);"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;">831</span><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;">After the archbishop had conceded everything to the king, and [it was clear] both parties were in agreement with this, then the archbishop took off his cap, [and] king Henry his: then they drew close to one other, so that they could give each other the kiss of peace in true friendship. 4155</span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588235294118);"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">832</span><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then said the archbishop, who was very close to God, << Sire, to the honour of God and yours I give you [this] kiss [of peace].>></span><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then Geoffrey Riddell immediately said: <<This is sophistry [there is deceit in this] !>></span><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><<Truly, by the eyes of God,>> said [the king], <<he cares not for peace.>> </span><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">He [the king] then turned his horse around, [and] using his spurs took off at a gallop. </span><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ba0008;"><span style="font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">833
[Both] Clerics and lay people, when they saw the king of England go off like that, started to rebuke the archbishop, and said to him that he had done wrong, that he [Becket] had not wanted to keep to that which he had acceded to, and for which he [the king] cannot bear any blame. Never ever had they seen a peace accord forsaken for so little. 4165
834
St Thomas lost [the good will] of the French that day; throughout France they called him a wicked person [felon] and traitor. Our man of God (God Our Lord) returned to his lodgings. His clerks (clerics) were both sad and angry with him; and they said to him that he had had them all sent to their death without recourse to an appeal. 4170
835
<<You are [all] completely wrong.>> he said, << I think you are all quite blind. The Lord Living God on high has stopped us [me] from committing a great shame, as the king used to demand from us [me] a great deal, calling us [me] a traitor and an evildoer to our [my] person. Now he has given up doing that to us [me], and he put all of that aside. 4175
836
>> Now he asks of us [me] for nothing more than he is shown honour, that we [I] [should] hold to those customs as did our [my] predescessor [archbishops]; and we [I] have acceded [this] to him. But never a day will come [when this will happen]. Thanks to God the Creator, we have escaped from such a great ignominy!>> 4180
837
He [Becket] then had a letter [from him] drawn up, which was sent to the Pope telling him everything he had done to [try to] secure peace with the king, and about how the king had abandoned it and refused him, and how he [the king] had excluded God from their peace agreement. Now he [Becket] begged and entreated him [the Pope] to tell him [Becket] what his [the Pope's] will was. 4185
838
The king lodged that night at La Ferté-Bernard [a fortress].. His privy advisors were led into his presence by Geoffrey Riddell.
<<This is what I want>> he [the king] said, <<that you all should honour that man
For he has shown himself today to be rather like pure gold which has been refined [by fire] seven times over.. He has healed me with his sense; the wicked can no longer deceive me. >> 4190
[https://is.gd/Bm03Eg]
839
When he was in bed and had thought deeply about what the archbishop had acceded to him, and that it was because of only one sole clause he had refused him, he said [to himself] that he had been influenced and gone badly astray as the archbishop had [actually] agreed to [everything] that he wanted. 4195
840
And he swore by the eyes of God and wanted fully to assert that never [again] would he be able to recover this position. He immediately had all his servants woken up and had the bishop of Poitiers [John Belmeis] sent for hastily to come and speak with him. 4200
841
At midnight he [the bishop of Poitiers] went to king Henry to talk [with him]. He [the king] said <<It will be necessary for you [the bishop] to go to the archbishop [Becket]. I deceived myself when I said I did not wish to grant him peace as he had conceded to me all that I could demand of him. By the eyes of God I will never retrieve this position [regain this advantage again]!>> 4205
842
>> Hurry to him now, think how to deal with him, tell him that I will agree to that which he offered me yesterday.>>
Then the bishop mounted up [ on his horse]. He didn't want to delay there any longer. And he sent a messenger ahead [to Becket to say] that he was coming.
When St Thomas heard this he had his pack-horse loaded up. 4210
843
He [Becket] set off along the road, not waiting for him [the bishop of Poitiers]. The bishop followed him at breakneck speed, and when he had caught him [Becket] up, [Becket] replied to him saying thus: that he would never agree to this point which he had heard from him that he would not come [back] for anyone as it was against [all] reason. 4215
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>References
</b><span style="font-size: 14px;">
</span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;">Michael Staunton (7 December 2001). The Lives of Thomas Becket. 37 Conference at Montmirail 6th Jan 1169: Manchester University Press. pp. 154–. ISBN 978-0-7190-5455-6.</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/ez3M19" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/ez3M19</a><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;">Conference at Montmirail 6th Jan 1169 - Salvo Honore Dei</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/wZTzsR" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/wZTzsR</a><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;">Frank Barlow (16 August 1990). Thomas Becket. Conference at Montmirail: University of California Press. pp. 179–. ISBN 978-0-520-07175-9.</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/FN1LcX" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/FN1LcX</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #ba0008;"><br style="font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif;" /></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;">Étienne Mignot (1756). Histoire du démêlé de Henri II, Roi d'Angleterre, avec Thomas Becket, Archevéque de Cantorbery: précédée d'un discours sur la jurisdiction des princes & des magistrats séculiers sur les personnes ecclésiastiques. Arkstée & Merkus. pp. 249–.</span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/KavHs9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/KavHs9</a><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;">Eiríkr Magnússon (1875). Thómas Saga Erkibyskups: A Life of Archbishop Thomas Becket, in Icelandic, with English Translation, Notes and Glossary. Volume 1. Chapter LXV Of The Parting of the Kings [Conference of Montmirail]: Longman & Company. pp. 433–41.</span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/x2LHSH" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/x2LHSH</a><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;">James J. Spigelman (2004). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FHwzF_hmUYC&pg=PA190" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;"><i>Becket & Henry: The Becket Lectures</i></a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;">. James Spigelman. pp. 190–. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-43477-3" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-43477-3">978-0-646-43477-3</a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; white-space: normal;">.</span></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;">W. L. Warren (28 November 1977). Henry II. University of California Press. pp. 108–. ISBN 978-0-520-03494-5.</span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/7rVzVp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/7rVzVp</a><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><a href="https://archive.org/stream/thomasbecketarch00huttuoft#page/206/mode/1up/search/montmirail" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/thomasbecketarch00huttuoft#page/206/mode/1up/search/montmirail</a><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;">Hutton</span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;">Meeting at Montmirail</span><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;"><br style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: none;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/naXvdy" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/naXvdy</a><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-size: 14px;">
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<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">William Harris Rule (1854). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7MxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA53" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The Third Crusade: Richard I., Coeur de Lion, King of England ; with the Affairs of Henry II. and Thomas Becket</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. The Conference of Montmirail: J. Mason. pp. 53–.</span><br />
<br />
Richard Hurrell Froude (1839). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ws6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA365">Remains</a>. Chapter XV: Conferences at Montmirail publisher not identified. pp. (360–) 365–96<br />
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John Allen Giles (1846). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYUVD68pznQC&pg=PA126">The Life and Letters of Thomas á Becket: Now First Gathered from the Contemporary Historians</a>. Chapter XXXII and XXXIII: Whittaker. pp. 126–73.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/72320+Montmirail,+France/@48.103436,0.7897021,365m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e3a997625846c1:0x40d37521e0ac490!8m2!3d48.103632!4d0.790768">Montmirail - Google Maps</a><br />
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<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montmirail_(Sarthe)">Château de Montmirail (Sarthe) — Wikipédia francais</a><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">Adolphe Laurent Joanne (1867). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cw6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA298" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><i>Itinéraire général de la France: Bretagne</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">. L. Hachette. pp. 298–.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">George Payne Rainsford James (1842). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y_SAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140" rel="nofollow" style="font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><i>A History of the Life of Richard Coeur-de-Lion, King of England</i></a><span style="font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">. Baudry's European Library. pp. 140–.</span><br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Ridel_(bishop_of_Ely)">Geoffrey Ridel (bishop of Ely) - Wikipedia</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Canterbury">John of Canterbury - Wikipedia</a></span><br />
<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Belmeis,_John_(DNB00)" style="font-family: sans-serif;">Belmeis, John (DNB00) - Wikisource</a><br />
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Robert William Eyton. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gZSKKQEACAAJ">Court, Household and Itinerary of King Henry II., Instancing Also the Chief Agents and Adversaries of the King in His Government, Diplomacy, and Strategy.</a>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-241-55108-7">978-1-241-55108-7</a><a href="https://archive.org/stream/courthouseholda00eytogoog#page/n217/mode/1up/search/montmirail">Court, household, and itinerary of King Henry II.</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><a href="http://archive.org/stream/mlangesdhistoi00pari#page/153/mode/1up/search/montmirail" target="_blank">archive.org/stream/mlangesdhistoi00pari#page/153/mode/1up/search/montmirail</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>General Correspondence</b></span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><a href="https://goo.gl/vRd6gD" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; font-style: inherit;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/vRd6gD</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = MTB 451</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/BNRXLc" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/BNRXLc</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = MTB 452 and MTB 453</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/H8zgUR" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/H8zgUR</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = MTB 454</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/Uy4K5K" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/Uy4K5K</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = MTB 455</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Letters by John of Salisbury</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peters, Mary Josephine, "Historical Background and Translation of Letters 245-291 of John of Salisbury" (1943). </span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Master's Theses. Paper 318.</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/318" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/318</a><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Letter 287 p.128</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">John of Salisbury to Bishop John Belmeis of Poitiers</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Letter 288 p.131</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">John. to the Priors, Simon of Mont Dieu, and Engelbert of Val S. Pierre p 131</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Letter 290 p.138</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">John to Bishop Bartholomew of Exeter</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">CTB 286: Giles JoS Letter 286; MTB .456;</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/7BWmBf" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/7BWmBf</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = MTB 456 [286 above]</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">CTB 287: Giles JoS Letter 287; Materials Epistola 457</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/cN4uJ5" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/cN4uJ5</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = MTB 457</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">CTB 288: Giles JoS Letter 285 ('284'); Materials Epistola 461</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/11Uf3h" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/11Uf3h</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = MTB 461 </span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">CTB = </span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">St Thomas Becket; ed & tr Anne Duggan (2000). The Correspondence of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162-1170: Letters 176-329. Volume II. Clarendon Press.. ISBN 978-0-19-820893-8.</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/uSw2nx" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/uSw2nx</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">MTB =</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Robertson, J. (Ed.).. Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury Vol 6 Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139226257</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">Volume 6: Epistles, CCXXVII–DXXX</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/CCyqHQ" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/CCyqHQ</a><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">JoS Letters</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">John (of Salisbury, évêque de Chartres.) (1979). The Letters of John of Salisbury: The later letters (1163-1180). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822240-8.</span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" /></span><a href="https://goo.gl/TivzBD" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/TivzBD</a></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Becket's Latin Hagiographers on the Conference at Montmirail<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">William of Canterbury Chapter 67</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">MTB i pp 73-5 </span><a href="https://goo.gl/h8nnDT" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/h8nnDT</a><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">William FitzStephen Chapter 92</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">MTB iii pp 96-7 </span><a href="https://goo.gl/cjx9bD" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/cjx9bD</a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Herbert of Boseham Book IV Chapter 26</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">MTB iii pp 418-29 </span><a href="https://goo.gl/yr4HMe" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/yr4HMe</a><br />
<br style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anonymous II Chapter 29</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">MTB iv 113-4 </span><a href="https://goo.gl/bpxSAa" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/bpxSAa</a><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-77015286507024297852018-08-15T06:50:00.000+01:002018-08-21T07:22:30.159+01:00Garnier: Introduction to the Letters<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Extract from<br />
<a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a><br />
Stanzas 557-569<br />
Lines 2781-2845<br />
<br />
557<br />
Del tut erent a un plus que uncles e niés.<br />
E sovent enveieient a saint Thomas lur briés :<br />
Diseient qu’il ot tort, quant al rei ert si griés ;<br />
Car des iglises est li reis e sire e chiés,<br />
2785 E les iglises sunt faites des reaus fiés.<br />
<br />
558<br />
As reis deivent tresbien li prelat obeïr.<br />
Bien lur deit hum laissier lur custumes tenir ;<br />
Quant a lur anceisurs nes peut um ainc tolir,<br />
Pur tuz cels qui or sunt ne lur estuet guerpir.<br />
2790 Mult deivent lur seignur e clerc e lai suffrir.<br />
<br />
559<br />
Itels briefs enveieient al saint humme ultre mer,<br />
Plusurs altres asez, dunt rien ne sai conter,<br />
Pur mielz plaisir al rei e pur lur sens mustrer.<br />
Il refaiseit les suens, si lur faiseit porter<br />
2795 Pur destruire les lur e sa cause afermer.<br />
<br />
560<br />
Humblement respundeit li sainz a lur escriz,<br />
E par les escriptures confermout tuz ses diz.<br />
Ne pot estre en nul liu pur els tuz contrediz.<br />
Herbergiez ert en lui pur veir sainz Esperiz,<br />
2800 Qui dedenz lui parlout e par qui il ert fiz.<br />
<br />
561<br />
As terrïens seignurs deit hum bien obeïr,<br />
Tant cum al siecle apent ; mais s’il volent tolir<br />
A saint’iglise rien, ne lur deit hum suffrir.<br />
E se l’um les esparne, qu’um nes voille ferir,<br />
2805 Quant Deus revoldra bien, ne li purrunt guenchir.<br />
<br />
562<br />
Li prelat sunt serf Deu, li reis les deit cherir ;<br />
E il sunt chiés des reis, li reis lur deit flechir.<br />
Deus est chiés des prelaz ; pur sa lei maintenir<br />
Devreient il estendre les cols, prez de murir :<br />
2810 Deus suffri mort en cruiz pur s’iglise franchir.<br />
<br />
563<br />
De Deu tienent li rei, de sainte mere iglise :<br />
A li e as suens deivent e honur e servise,<br />
Car de li unt il lei e la corune prise ;<br />
Ele deit bien aveir, e tuit li suen, franchise,<br />
2815 Quant par sa mort li ad Nostre Sire conquise.<br />
<br />
564<br />
E li buen anceisur, qui les iglises firent<br />
E qui premierement del lur les establirent<br />
E de lur propre aumosne les crurent e vestirent,<br />
De tutes ces custumes e d’autres les franchirent,<br />
2820 N’ainc puis a nule rien un des deiz n’i tendirent.<br />
<br />
565<br />
Car cil qui fait aumosne la deit del tut franchir,<br />
Par tut e contre tuz defendre e maintenir ;<br />
N’il n’en deit seignurie, ne nul el, retenir,<br />
Car ço n’est pas aumosne, s’il en fait sun plaisir :<br />
2825 Quant l’a dunee a Deu, ne li puet retolir.<br />
<br />
566<br />
E quant vers saint’iglise volt li reis rien mesprendre,<br />
Qui la devreit par tut e tenser e defendre,<br />
Li evesque l’en deivent mult egrement reprendre ;<br />
Ne deivent la endreit rien a sun voil entendre.<br />
2830 Mais n’osent la bufee plus que le ros atendre.<br />
<br />
567<br />
Barun e chevalier e sergant e vassal,<br />
Qui n’unt rien de nului fors fié anceisural,<br />
Se conbatent sovent pur lur seignur mortal<br />
E sueffrent granz damages, mort e mahaing e mal,<br />
2835 Car il ne volent estre tenu pur desleal.<br />
<br />
568<br />
Mielz devreient asez li prelat guerreier<br />
Tuz cels qui saint’iglise volent contralïer ;<br />
Car de la table Deu sunt riche e haut e chier.<br />
Le fil a mult bas humme fait Deus si eshaucier<br />
2840 Qu’um li dune eveschié u mult plus haut mestier.<br />
<br />
569<br />
Li prelat deivent estre li plus espirital,<br />
Ne deivent chanceler pur rien de lur estal.<br />
Cil qui laissent le munt e se tienent el val<br />
Bous d’or en gruing de porc sunt, e del tut jaal.<br />
2845 Ne sunt pas des sers Deu, ainz sunt des serfs Baal.<br />
<br />
<b>Translation</b><br />
<br />
557<br />
They were in everything as one more than uncles and nephews [family]. And often they sent letters to St. Thomas saying he had done wrong, when towards the king he had been so critical, because the king was both lord and chief [head] of the churches, and the churches had been made royal fiefs. 2785<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
558<br />
Prelates ought very much to obey their kings [and] well kings should be allowed to maintain their customs. when if by their ancestors they could not previously have them removed.then they [kings] do not have to abandon them for the sake of anyone alive today. Clerics and laity must accept on suffrance [submit to] their lord. 2790<br />
<br />
559<br />
Such were the kinds of letters which they sent to holy man across the sea, besides many others of which I know not the number, for which much to please the king and to express their reasoning. He [Thomas] in his turn caused to have his sent back to them to bring down their [arguments] and to affirm his own cause 2795 <br />
<br />
560<br />
Our saint replied to their letters with humility, and by reference to the scriptures confirmed all that he said. One could not find anywhere in them which to contradict him. The Holy Spirit truly dwelt within him, and spoke from within him and through him made Himself apparent. 2800<br />
<br />
561<br />
One must fully obey one's secular [earthly/lay] [feudal] lord for all that which belongs to this world. But if he wishes to deprive anything from Holy Church he must not be allowed to do so. And we may spare them not wishing to strike them, how much more God will wish to again. They cannot escape Him. 2805<br />
<div>
<br />
562<br />
Prelates are the servants of God; kings must care for them: God is the suzerain of prelates, and kings must bow before them. To maintain His law they must stretch their necks, [and be] ready to die. God suffered death on the cross to free His Church. 2810<br />
<br />
563<br />
Kings hold [their position/and are beholden as vassals] from [to] God and Holy Church: they must both honour and serve Him and her as it is from them whom and by law they have received their crown. She [the Church] must enjoy her freedom, and all her own too, since she acquired them from Our Lord by his death/ 2815<br />
<br />
564<br />
And the good ancestors of old who founded churches and who initially established them out of their own pocket, and then enriched and endowed them out of their own charity freed them from all these and other customs, and since then have not pointed a single finger at them in any way..2820<br />
<br />
565<br />
Because anyone who give alms must be completely free of them, and above all must maintain and defend them from everyone; he must not have or retain any lordship over them, because then that would not be alms-giving if he was able to do what he likes with them. That which has been given to God cannot be taken back.<br />
<br />
566<br />
If a king commits a wrong against Holy Church, he who must always protect and defend her, then bishops ought strongly to reproach him, without listening in the least way to his will. But they are more like reeds daring not to withstand a strong wind.<br />
<br />
567<br />
Barons and knights, men-at-arms and vassals who hold little else besides their ancestral fiefs, often fight for their mortal lords and suffer great harms, death, woundings and pain because they do not wish to be held to be disloyal. 2835<br />
<br />
568<br />
Better still prelates should take up battle against all those who would wish to attack Holy Church, for they enjoy great riches and high honour at the table of God. God sometimes advances the son of a very low-born man by giving him a bishopric, or an even higher ministry. 2840<br />
<br />
569<br />
Prelates must be ever the more so spiritual and must not abandon their posts for anything. Those who leave the mountain to stand in the valley have rings of gold in their snouts like swine: they have completely prostituted themselves. They are not the servants of God but are the henchmen of Baal. 2845<br />
<br />
Proverbs 11:22<br />
Like a gold ring in a pig’s snout is a beautiful woman without good sense.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-76066755377344408252018-08-07T10:01:00.004+01:002018-08-13T06:02:08.557+01:00Garnier: Coronation of the Young King<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">Extract from </span></div>
<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 16px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a></span></span></div>
Stanzas 550 - 556<br />
Line 2746 - 2780<br />
<br />
550<br />
En cel contemple ad fait li reis Henris jurer<br />
Henri sun fil a rei, e sil fist coruner.<br />
L’arcevesques Rogiers, qui nel volt refuser,<br />
L’aveit enuint a rei. Nel se deüst penser,<br />
2750 Car cil de Cantorbire deit tuz les reis sacrer.<br />
<br />
551<br />
Od l’arcevesque i sunt dui evesque asemblé,<br />
Gilebert Foliot de Lundres la cité,<br />
E Jocelins i ad, de Salesbire, esté,<br />
Pluisur autre ensement, qui ci ne sunt numé.<br />
2755 Sur ces treis fu li fais, e par els fu ovré.<br />
<br />
552<br />
Or unt enuint l’enfant icil trei boiseür.<br />
Deus li creisse ses anz e vertu e honur !<br />
Mais n’apartint a els, fait s’en sunt robeür.<br />
N’en sunt de rien li mot del sacrement peiur,<br />
2760 Ne il rien mains sacrez. Deus li doinst sue amur<br />
<br />
553<br />
Senz raisun unt enpris en autrui poesté,<br />
A faire autrui mestier ; mais chier l’unt comperé.<br />
A Rome en sunt sumuns, mais pas n’i sunt alé :<br />
Par l’apostolie sunt de lur mestier sevré.<br />
2765 Pur la poür del rei unt Deu tut adossé.<br />
<br />
554<br />
Deus, quel duel des prelaz qui lur mestier ne funt !<br />
Mucie est la lumiere qui esclaire le munt.<br />
Il sunt li pullent sels qui l’esperit corrunt.<br />
Chien mu n’abaient pas ; suz le banc lïé sunt.<br />
2770 As larruns conjoïssent, al mesfait od els vunt.<br />
<br />
555<br />
Tut de but se teneient par tut cil trei al rei ;<br />
N’il ne voleient faire pur Deu ne ço ne quei.<br />
En fause trinité erent en un tut trei,<br />
E de la verité esteient par tut quei,<br />
2775 E voleient turner les custumes en lei.<br />
<br />
556<br />
Ne voleient de rien lur seignur adrecier ;<br />
Mais contre saint’iglise le faiseient plaidier,<br />
E se peneient mult des escriz encergier,<br />
S’il peüssent trover nule rien n’espïer<br />
2780 Dunt la cause le rei peüssent esforcier.<br />
<br />
<b>Translation</b><br />
<br />
550<br />
On this occasion King Henry had his son sworn as king and had him crowned and anointed by archbishop Roger of York who did not wish to refuse him [the king]. But anyone should have brought to mind that it was the right belonging to Canterbury to consecrate all kings [of England]. 2750<br />
<br />
551<br />
Together with the archbishop [Roger] were duly gathered there Gilbert Foliot [bishop] of the City of London, and Jocelyn who was [bishop] from Salisbury. There were [also] many others whom I have not named. It was by these three that the deed was done and brought about. 2755<br />
<br />
552<br />
The child [prince] was now anointed by these three impostors [traitors]. May God increase his years in virtue and honour. But it did not belong to them [the impostors] to do this, and they had acted like robbers. [However] the words of the sacrament are no worse and the new king has been no less consecrated. May God give him His love [blessing]. 2760<br />
<br />
553<br />
Without logical reason they assumed the authority of another to perform the duty of this other, but dearly have they paid for this. They have been summoned to Rome [to appear] and by the Pope they have been suspended from their ministeries, but they have yet to go there. Fear of the king has led them to abandon God completely. 2765<br />
<br />
554<br />
O God, what pity these prelates have made of their ministries; hidden from the light which shines upon the world, this is the stink of sin which causes the spirit to fester. Dumb dogs do not bark, [instead] they are tied down under benches. They celebrate with thieves and join with them in their crimes. 2770<br />
<br />
555<br />
Without any hesitation these three held to the cause of the king in everything, never wanting to do anything for God, nothing at all. These three were always united in a false Trinity, and as far as the Truth was concerned they were silent. They wanted to turn customs into law. 2775<br />
<br />
556<br />
They never wished to do anything to admonish their lord, but they caused him to speak out against Holy Church. And they did their very best to search out for any written documents which might be able to support the cause of the king. 2780<br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/11/coronation-of-young-king-henry-14th.html" target="_blank">Constitutions of Clarendon: Coronation of the Young King Henry, 14th June 1170</a><br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-7469773375732953952018-08-05T06:42:00.002+01:002018-08-07T10:04:15.602+01:00Garnier: Peter's Pence<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">
<span style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">Extract from </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 16px;">
<span style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><a href="http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">http://txm.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/bfm/pdf/becket.pdf</a></span></div>
<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Stanzas 546-549<br />
Lines 2726- 2745<br />
<br />
<br />
546<br />
Encore a un capitle que dirai ensement,<br />
U li reis comanda par l’escrit veirement<br />
Que li deniers saint Piere fust par tute la gent<br />
D’Engleterre cuilliz e guardez lealment,<br />
2730 Tresque il en fesist altre comandement.<br />
<br />
547<br />
Grant avancement unt Engleis en lur païs,<br />
Si fu par le rei Knut, qui fu Daneis, asis :<br />
Par chascun ostel est cil deniers par an pris,<br />
U il a de cinc solz de vif aveir le pris.<br />
2735 (A trente deniers est en tels lius i ad mis.)<br />
<br />
548<br />
Li apostolies sout aveir icel denier,<br />
E par ço fist gramment les Engleis alegier :<br />
Nes estuet pur pechié de la terre esluignier,<br />
Tute lur penitence ferunt lez lur fuier.<br />
2740 Idunc le prist li reis, e sil fist estuier.<br />
<br />
549<br />
Selunc mun jugement li reis aver le deit :<br />
Apostolies, legaz, arcevesques esteit.<br />
Se pape u arcevesque sa terre entrediseit,<br />
Senz cruiz e senz estole li reis les asoilleit .<br />
2745 N’i poeit saint’iglise vers li mustrer nul dreit.<br />
<br />
Translation<br />
<br />
546<br />
There is yet one other legal matter whereof I shall speak: the king likewise has truly ordered by writ that the St. Peter's Pence were to be collected from all the people in the England and stored securely, until such time as he commanded otherwise. 2730<br />
<br />
547<br />
A great advantage was enjoyed by the English in their land, when king Knut [Canute], who was Danish, ordered a tax to be collected from each household [hearth which kindled a fire] assessed at one penny each year for every five shillings worth of livestock held. (There were some households [places] where this amounted to as much as 30 pence). 2735<br />
<br />
548<br />
The Popes used to receive this money, and which [in the past] caused them to give the English a dispensation which greatly alleviated them: they did not have to travel out of their country to seek expiation for their sins, but could perform their penances at the side of their own hearths But the king took this money and locked it up in his own treasury. 2740<br />
<br />
549<br />
In my judgement the king had the right to do this, for he was Pope, [Papal]Legate and Archbishop [in his own land]. In fact if either Pope or Archbishop were to lay the country under an interdict, he [the king] could absolve himself without the need for a stole or a cross. Holy Church was powerless to assert any right against him. 2745<br />
<br />
References<br />
<br />
<a href="http://conclarendon.blogspot.com/2013/09/peters-pence.html" target="_blank">Constitutions of Clarendon: Peter's Pence</a><br />
<br />
<b>The 'Denarius Sancti Petri' in England</b><br />
O. Jensen, D. de Comitibus and Joh. de Binis<br />
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society<br />
New Series, Vol. 19 (1905), pp. 209-277<br />
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society<br />
DOI: 10.2307/3678232<br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678232">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678232</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">James Tyrrell (1700). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA65" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>The General History Of England, Both Ecclesiastical and Civil: From The Beginning of the Reign Of King William I. .. To the End of the Reign Of King Henry the Third ...</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"> The 18th ...: Rogers. p. 65.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Thomas LAWSON (Quaker, of Lancashire.) (1680). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28Hxiqo92uYC&pg=PA80" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>A treatise relating to the call, work, and wages of the ministers of Christ; as also to the call, work, and wages of the ministers of Antichrist, etc</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. CAP XI </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.43px;">The Rise of Reek Money </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">pp. 80–.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">John Morris (1885). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hw2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA405" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><i>The Life and Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">. Burns and Oates. pp. 405–407.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">R. J. A. White (August 1967). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7b9bqirm4WcC&pg=PA56" rel="nofollow"><i>A Short History of England</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09439-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09439-9">978-0-521-09439-9</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px; font-style: inherit;">Jean Louis de Lolme (1838). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfs9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30" rel="nofollow"><i>The Rise and Progress of the English Constitution: In Two Volumes</i></a>. Parker. pp. 30–.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-15690488633149148642018-07-24T10:56:00.000+01:002020-07-24T10:58:08.007+01:00Henry II as described by Gerald of Wales, 1172<span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">KING HENRY II. DESCRIBED BY GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS [Gerald of Wales],</span><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">Who accompanied him (as he afterwards did King John) into Ireland, A.D. 1172.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">Henry II., king of England, was of a very good colour, but somewhat red; his head great and round, his eyes were fiery, red, and grim, and his face very high coloured; his voice or speech was shaking, quivering, or trembling; his neck short, his breast broad and big; strong armed; his body was gross, and his belly somewhat big, which came to him rather by nature than by any gloss feeding or surfeiting; for his diet was very temperate, and to say the truth, thought to be more spare than comely, or for the state of a prince; and yet to abate his grossness, and to remedy this fault of nature, he did, as it were, punish his body with continual exercise, and keep a continual war with himself. For in the times of his wars, which were for the most part continual to him, he had little or no rest at all; and in times of peace he would not grant unto himself any peace at all, nor take any rest: for then did he give himself wholly unto hunting; and to follow the same, he would very early every morning be on horseback, and then go into the woods, sometimes into the forests, and sometimes into the hills and fields, and so would he spend the whole day until night. In the evening when he came home, he would never, or very seldom, sit either before or after supper; for though he were never so weary, yet still would he be walking and going. And, forasmuch as it is very profitable for every man in his lifetime that he do not take too much of any one thing, for medicine itself, which is appointed for man's help and remedy, is not absolutely perfect and good to be always used, even so it befell and happened to this prince; for, partly by his excessive travels, and partly by divers bruises in his body, his legs and feet were swollen and sore. And, though he had no disease at all, yet age itself was a breaking sufficient unto him. He was of a reasonable stature, which happened to none of his sons; for his two eldest sons were somewhat higher, and his two younger: were somewhat lower and less than he was. If he were in a good mood, and not angry, then would he be very o and eloquent: he was also (which was a thing very rare in those days) very well learned; he was also very affable, gentle, and courteous; and besides, so pitiful, that when he had overcome his enemy, yet would he be overcome with pity towards him. In war he was most valiant, and in peace he was as provident and circumspect. And in the wars, mistrusting and doubting of the end and event thereof, he would (as Terence writeth) try all the ways and means he could devise, rather than wage the battle. If he lost any of his men in the fight, he would marvellously lament his death, and seem to pity him more being dead, than he did regard or account of him being alive; more bewailing the dead, than favouring the living. In times of distress no man was more courteous; and when all things were safe, ao man more cruel. Against the stubborn and unruly, no man more sharp, yet to the humble no man more gentle; hard towards his own men and household, but liberal to strangers; bountiful abroad, but sparing at home; whom he once hated, he would never or very hardly love; and whom he once loved, he would not lightly be out with him, or forsake him. He had great pleasure and delight in hawking and hunting:—would to God he had been as well bent and disposed unto good devotion to*. It was said, that after the displeasure frown between the king and his sons, by the means and through the enticing of the queen their mother, he never was accounted to keep his word and promise, but, without any regard or care, was a common breaker thereof. And true it is, that, of a certain natural disposition, he was light and inconstant of his word; and if the matter were brought to a narrow strait or pinch, he would not stick rather to cover his word, than to deny his deed. And for this cause, in all his doings, he was very provident and circumspect, and a very upright and severe minister of justice, although he did therein grieve and make his friends to smart. His answers, for the most part, were perverse and froward. And, albeit, for profit and lucre all things are set to sale, and do bring great gains, as well to the clergy as the laity, yet they are no better to a man's heirs and executors, than were the riches of Gehasi [servant of the prophet Elisha], whose greedy doings turned himself to utter ruin and destruction. He was a great peace-maker, and careful keeper thereof himself; a liberal almsgiver, and a special benefactor to the Holy Land; he loved humility, abhorred pride,</span><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">* Giraldus here alludes to his quarrel with Thomas a Becket.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">and much oppressed his nobility. The hungry he refreshed, the rich he regarded not. The humble he would exalt, but the mighty, he disdained. He usurped much upon the holy church; and of a certain kind of zeal, but not according to knowledge, he did intermingle and enjoin profane with holy things; for why? He would be all in all himself. He was the child of the holy mother church, and by her advanced to the sceptre of his kingdom; and yet he either dissembled or utterly forgot the same; for he was slack always in coming to the church unto the divine service, and at the time thereof he would be busied and occupied rather with councils and in conference about the affairs of his commonwealth, than in devotion and prayer. The livelihoods belonging to any spiritual pro. motion, he would, in time of their vacation, confiscate to his own treasury, and assume that to himself which was due unto Christ When any new troubles or wars did grow. or come upon him, then would he lavish and pour out all that ever he had in store or treasury, and liberally bestow that upon a soldier, which ought to have been given unto the priest. He had a very prudent and forecasting wit, and thereby foreseeing what things might or were like to ensue, he would accordingly order or dispose either for the performance or for the prevention thereof; notwithstanding which, many times the event happened to the con trary, and he was disappointed of his expectation: and commonly there happened no ill unto him, but he would foretell there. of to his friends and familiars. He was a marvellous natural father to his children, and loved them tenderly in their childhood and young years; but they being grown to some age and ripeness, he was as a father-in-law, and could scarcely brook any of them. And, notwithstanding they were very handsome, comely, and noble gentlemen, yet, whether it were that he would not have them prosper too fast, or whether they had evil deserved of him, he hated them; and it was full much against his will that they should be his successors, or heirs to any part of his inheritance. And such is the prosperity of man, that as it cannot be perpetual, no more can it be perfect and assured: for why?—such was the secret malice of fortune against this king, that where he should have received much comfort, there had he most sorrow; where quietness and safety —there unquietness and peril; where peace —there enmity; where courtesy—there ingratitude; where rest—there trouble. And whether this happened by the means of their marriages, or for the punishment of the father's sins, certain it is, there was no good agreement, neither between the father and the sons, nor yet among the sons themselves. But at length, when all his enemies and the disturbers of the common peace were suppressed, and his brethren, his sons, and all others his adversaries, as well at home as abroad, were reconciled; then all things happened and befell unto him (though it were long first) after and according to his own will and mind. And would to God he had likewise reconciled himself unto God, and by amendment of his life, had in the end also procured his favour and mercy! Besides this, which I had almost forgotten, he was of such a memory, that if he had seen and known a man, he would not forget him: neither yet whatsoever he had heard, would he be unmindful thereof. And hereof was it, that he had so ready a memory of histories which he had read, and a knowledge and a manner of experience in all things. To conclude, if he had been chosen of God, and been obsequious and careful to live in his fear and after his laws, he had excelled all the princes of the world; for in the gifts of nature, no one man was to be compared unto him.”</span><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">Extracted from</span><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">The History Of The Principal Transactions Of The Irish Parliament, ... From The Year 1634 To 1666: In Two Volumes. Cadell. 1792. pp. 33–. and also </span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">William Hone (1878).</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;"> </span><a data-mce-href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nu1MAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA491" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nu1MAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA491" shape="rect" style="border: 0px; color: #047ac6; cursor: pointer; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">The Table Book, of Daily Recreation and Information: Concerning Remarkable Men, Manners, Times, Seasons, Solemnities, Merry-makings, Antiquities and Novelties, Forming a Complete History of the Year</a><span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Tegg. pp. 491–.</span><br />
<span style="color: #383838; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-85226689520722963202018-07-08T20:20:00.005+01:002018-07-08T21:01:51.495+01:00Becket's Mission to the King of France<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
References<br />
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J. A. Giles (1846). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PRQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA72">The Life and Letters of Thomas À Becket: Now First Gathered from the Contemporary Historians</a>. Whittaker. pp. 72–.<br />
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<a href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandletterst02gilegoog#page/n108/mode/1up">https://archive.org/stream/lifeandletterst02gilegoog#page/n108/mode/1up</a><br />
CHAPTER VIII. p. 72-79 OF THE CHANCELLOR's EMBASSY TO THE FRENCH KING.<br />
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">James Craigie Robertson (1859). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2mANAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>Becket, archbishop of Canterbury: A biography</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. Chancellor Becket's Embassy to King of France 1159: J. Murray. pp. 31–.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">John Morris (1859). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvVQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26" rel="nofollow"><i>The Life and Martyrdom of Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, Etc</i></a>. Longman, Brown. pp. 26–.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">Gourde, Leo T., "An Annotated Translation of the Life of St. Thomas Becket by William Fitzstephen" (1943). Master's Theses. Paper
622. p.38-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><a href="http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/622">http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/622</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">James Craigie Robertson (15 November 2012). </span><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJJmCXCIkRYC&pg=PT68" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"><i>Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (Canonized by Pope Alexander III, AD 1173)</i></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">. Volume III. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04927-6" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04927-6">978-1-108-04927-6</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.43px;">.</span>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-28547541393400031282018-03-23T07:25:00.003+00:002018-04-22T16:57:23.453+01:00The idea of the Church as a divinely ordained living organism, or 'Body of Christ'<script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br />
The idea [or metaphor] of the Church as a divinely ordained living organism, or 'Body of Christ', was commonplace in early medieval ecclesiology.<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_Christ" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "roboto slab", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_Christ</a><br />
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The importance of the organism in the political theory of John of Salisbury<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143045900003355">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143045900003355</a> <a href="https://goo.gl/ZXAh8Q">https://goo.gl/ZXAh8Q</a><br />
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also in</div>
Michael Wilks (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-E-lAQAACAAJ">The World of John of Salisbury</a>. Blackwell. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19409-5">978-0-631-19409-5</a>. pp 303-17<br />
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THE PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ORGANIC METAPHOR IN JOHN OF SALISBURY'S "POLICRATICUS"</div>
Cary J. Nederman<br />
History of Political Thought<br />
Vol. 8, No. 2 (Summer 1987), pp. 211-223<br />
Published by: Imprint Academic Ltd.<br />
Stable URL: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26213292">http://www.jstor.org/stable/26213292</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/details/JohnOfSalisburyPolicraticusJohnOfSalisbury">John of Salisbury: Policraticus (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought) - Internet Archive</a><br />
<br />
<b>John of Salisbury and Pseudo-Plutarch</b><br />
Author: H. Liebeschütz<br />
Source: Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 6 (1943), pp. 33-39<br />
Published by: The Warburg Institute<br />
Stable URL: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/750420">http://www.jstor.org/stable/750420</a>...<br />
In Books V and VI [of the Policraticus John of Salisbury] leaves the Bible and arranges his material in terms of a new frame of reference: <i>res publica</i> is symbolized by the human body, and it is in terms of this image that John presents his analysis of the social organism. The head of the body politic is the king; the soul is the priest; the senate is the heart; the judges and administrators of the provinces are the eyes, ears and tongue; the knights are the hands and the peasants are the feet. It is the duty of the prince to keep the organism in good health, and in this the priesthood is pledged to help him; the relationship between church and state being expressed in terms of the relationship between soul and body. And it is this metaphor which determines the orders of the chapters in these two books.<br />
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There is no new feeling here for the character and organic unity of the state. John is expressing the common mediaeval conception of society as <i>ecclesia</i>, coming under two authorities, the spiritual and the secular, which have to work together in harmony.<br />
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The head of the body politic, the king or prince, is literally the "Head" of state.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-42088967745131032912018-03-19T10:38:00.004+00:002018-04-03T08:27:48.399+01:00Some Notes on John of Salisbury's Theory of Kingship as outlined in Policraticus Book IV<br />
John of Salisbury outlines what he thinks the worldly and religious duties of a King ought be in his Policraticus Book IV. This book was dedicated by him to Becket whilst he was Henry II's Chancellor. John was in exile at the time when he wrote it, 1159.<br />
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John of Salisbury uses the terms "Prince" meaning "Head of the Secular State" (King/Emperor/Prince), and "Republic" meaning the State (or Kingdom) itself.<br />
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Johannes (Sarisberiensis); Carey J. Nederman Ed and Tr (26 October 1990). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjIYTHRXa9wC&pg=PA27">John of Salisbury: Policraticus</a>. Book IV: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36701-1">978-0-521-36701-1</a>.<br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/ajrBwX">https://goo.gl/ajrBwX</a><br />
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The Old Testament view of Kingship<br />
Deuteronomy 17:14-20<br />
<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+17%3A14-20&version=KJV">https://goo.gl/eZVZan</a><br />
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The fourth book in Policraticus makes reference to the law of good kingship to be found in Deuteronomy.<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">14 When thou art come unto the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me;</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">15 Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the Lord thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother.</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">16 But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the Lord hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">17 Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold.</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">18 And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites:</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">19 And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the Lord his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them:</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">20 That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.</span><br />
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<b>Some Notes</b><br />
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The Mediaeval conception of society is as <i>ecclesia</i><br />
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It comes under two authorities, the spiritual and the secular, which have to work together in harmony.<br />
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The entirety of a king's authority is derived from God.<br />
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All law is a gift from God<br />
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The influential orator [Cicero], would seem to support this and to subject all men to its obedience because all law is a sort of discovery and gift from God, the teaching of the wise, the corrective to excesses of wilfulness, the harmony of the city, and the banishment of all crime.<br />
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Thus Chrysippus asserted that Law has power over all divine and human affairs, for which reason it presides over all good and all evil and is ruler and guide of things as well as of men.<br />
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All kings are obligated from necessity to observe the Law.<br />
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The king is not above the Law.<br />
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The Prince is a minister [servant] of priests and their inferior.<br />
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That the Prince is a minister [adjudtor, advocatus or assistant] of priests, and is their inferior; and what it is for rulers to perform their ministry faithfully.<br />
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The sword [of state] is accepted by the Prince from the Hand of the Church.<br />
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The Prince is therefore a sort of minister [servant] of the priests and one who exercises those features of the sacred duties that seem an indignity in the hands of priests. For all duties of sacred law are in fact the affairs of the religious and the pious, yet that duty is inferior which executes the punishment of crime and which seems to be represented by images of executioners.<br />
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That the authority of Divine Law consists in the Prince being subject to the Justice of Law.<br />
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The Prince is said to be an absolutely binding law unto himself, not because he is licensed to be iniquitous, but only because he should be someone who does not fear the penalties of law but someone who loves justice, cherishes equity, procures the utility of the republic, and in all matters prefers the advantage of others to his private will.<br />
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The prince is the public power and a certain image on Earth of the divine majesty. Beyond doubt the greatest part of the divine virtue is revealed to belong to the Prince,<br />
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Samuel deposed Saul by reason of disobedience, and substituted for him the humble son of Jesse atop the the kingdom.<br />
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<a href="http://biblehub.com/kjv/1_samuel/15.htm">http://biblehub.com/kjv/1_samuel/15.htm</a><br />
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Constantine [the Great] Emperor of the Romans ... when written accusations involving the crimes of priests ... to [him], he accepted them and placed them unopened in the fold of his toga. ... As he was a human subject to the verdict of priests, he himself then said it was not for him to examine divine cases which none except God could adjudicate. Those rolls which he had accepted he consigned to the flames uninspected.<br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 Corinthians 2:15 King James Version (KJV)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The secular power is judged by the spiritual, the latter by no one </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87); font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">"But he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet he himself is judged of no man."</span><br />
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<b>References</b><br />
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Bernard of Clairvaux <i>De Consideratione</i> III, I, I <a href="https://goo.gl/eHymUc" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/eHymUc</a><br />
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John of Salisbury, ep. 44. Patr. Lat. 199, col. 274. 5 <a href="https://goo.gl/tbJBpF" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #6611cc; font-family: "Roboto Slab", "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; pointer-events: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/tbJBpF</a><br />
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Gosselin (M.) (1853). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_5PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210">The power of the Pope during the Middle Ages,</a> Volume II. J. Murphy. pp. 210–.<br />
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<a href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/salisbury-poli4.html">Medieval Sourcebook: John of Salisbury: Policraticus, Book Four (selections)</a><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1856289332689314703.post-64648154766780724582018-03-19T09:46:00.002+00:002018-03-19T10:18:46.928+00:00Kingship defined in the Old Testatment in the Bible <script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/js-cache/18b181560802361ac2.js" type="text/javascript"></script>John of Salisbury makes a reference in his book <i>Policraticus </i>on the Theory of Christian Kingship defined in the Old Testament in the Bible<br />
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Deuteronomy 17:14-20 <a href="https://goo.gl/3aeDFp">https://goo.gl/3aeDFp</a> and <a href="https://goo.gl/EqTo7c">https://goo.gl/EqTo7c</a><br />
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In effect when the People of Israel arrive in the Promised Land they may set a leader above them, a King. The King will be "God Chosen" (appointed and crowned by the Church). from amongst their own people (he must not be a foreigner). When he is appointed [anointed and crowned] King he may not amass goods and wealth of huge value [gold and horses] Nor should he acquire many wives. The Priests of the Levitical Tribe [The Church] should after his appointment [coronation] set down in writing all the laws of the kingdom, which he should read and study all his life whilst he is King. He should "learn to fear the Lord his God, and keep His words and ceremonies, that are commanded in the law" and follow them religiously all his life, "that his heart be not lifted up with pride over his brethren [his own people]".<br />
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<b>References</b><br />
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John of Salisbury <i>Policraticus</i><br />
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Book IV Chapter 4</div>
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That the authority of divine law consists in the prince being subject to the justice of law.</div>
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Johannes (Sarisberiensis); Cary J Nederman ed and tr (1990). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjIYTHRXa9wC&pg=PA35">John of Salisbury: Policraticus</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36701-1">978-0-521-36701-1</a>. <a href="https://goo.gl/xXbQ4Q">https://goo.gl/xXbQ4Q</a><br />
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<a href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/salisbury-poli4.asp">Internet History Sourcebooks Project</a> Policraticus, Book Four (selections)</div>
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