Monday, 19 May 2014

The Letter - Etsi Pro Animi - 28th Feb 1164 Pope to Becket

Baron George Lyttelton Lyttelton (1769). The history of the life of King Henry the Second, Volume 4 Printed for J. Dodsley. pp. 34–.

It appears by a letter from Alexander to Becket, dated the third of the Calends of March in the year eleven hundred and sixty-four, that some time after the breaking up of the council of Clarendon Becket had joined with the archbishop of York, in writing to that pontiff, to support a request which Henry made, by Geoffry Ridel, archdeacon of Canterbury and John of Oxford, that his Holiness would confirm the ancient customs and dignities of his realm, by the authority of the apostolick fee, to him and his successors. But the pope says, in the same letter, that he had refused his assent. And one cannot wonder that he did; for such a request- was, in reality, desiring the assistance of the papal power against itself. Indeed a bull had been granted by Pope Calixtus the Second to King Henry the First, which confirmed all the laws and customs of his realm: nor is it improbable that Henry the Second relied on that precedent in making this application; Alexander being now, as Calixtus was then, driven from Rome by a schism: but many circumstances made a difference, both in the times and the question. The papal authority had not gained such a fooling in England under King Henry the First; as under his successor; and therefore less was given up by the grant of Calixtus, than would have been sacrificed by Alexander, if he had sent one of the same purport to Henry the Second. Nor had Henry the First, when be obtained that concession, Engaged himself far in favour of Calixtus as his grandson had now done in favor of Alexander; and with the court of Rome, as other courts, no gratitude for past services has so much weight as present utility.


Thomas Becket (st., abp. of Canterbury.) (1845). Epistolæ sancti Thomæ Cantuariensis ... et aliorum, ed. ab I.A. Giles. pp. 1–.

University of Zurich
Corpus Corporum
Patrologia Latina Tomus 200/0285C 


(0285D)


Etsi pro animi tui prudentia et fidei sinceritate personam tuam uberiori dulcedine charitatis et flagrantiori desiderio velimus semper diligere, et honori ac exaltationi tuae, sicut charissimi fratris nostri, ardentiori animo aspirare, nos tamen et te ipsum, qui magna columna es ecclesiae tuae, cautius convenit temporum qualitatem attendere, et provida dispensationis moderatione motum principis delinire. Novit siquidem industria tua, cui divina dispensatio magnae providentiae ac gratiae donum indulsit, quam ferventem dispositionem circa regni sui gubernationem charissimus in Christo filius noster Henricus, illustris rex Anglorum, dependat et eamdem velit dispositionem, ut firmior habeatur et habeat maiorem favorem, auctoritate Romanae Ecclesiae roborari. (0286B) Unde cum olim per venerabilem fratrem Lexoviensem episcopum et dilectum filium nostrum Pictaviensem archidiaconum, a nobis et fratribus nostris instantius postulasset legationem totius Angliae Eboracensi archiepiscopo indulgeri, et tam tibi quam universis episcopis mandari rogasset, ut antiquas regni sui consuetudines et dignitates conservaretis, nobis eius petitiones praeter suum arbitrium moderantibus, statim post reditum nuntiorum suorum, vix audito quod a nobis reportaverant, dilectos filios nostros Gaufredum archidiaconum tuum et magistrum Ioannem ad nostram praesentiam destinavit, et per eos quod prius petierat, et maiora a nobis instantissime postulavit. Et ut suo desiderio faciliorem animum praeberemus, fraternitatis tuae et praedicti archiepiscopi ad nos litteras impetravit. Quod enim de antiquis consuetudinibus et dignitatibus conservandis prius mandari rogaverat, nuper, sicut tu et alii observare promiseratis, ea cum multa instantia petiit auctoritate apostolicae sedis sibi et suis posteris confirmari. (0286C)


Sed nos petitionem istam nequaquam admisimus. Verumtamen ne ad nimiam amaritudinem et vehementiorem animi turbationem eum circa nos et te ipsum provocaremus, ne etiam id consideratione tui putaretur quomodolibet impediri, nos tibi et nobis, ne forte in maiorem calorem iracundiae adversus te exardesceret, consultius providere volentes, et pensantes tempora periculosa, legationis litteras praefato archiepiscopo concedendas eidem regi concessimus. (0286D)


Quoniam vero votis principum condescendendum est, et suae obtemperandum voluntati, prudentiam tuam monemus, consulimus, et omnimodis exhortamur, quatenus sicut vir prudens et discretus, necessitatem temporis metiens, et quae inde tibi et ecclesiae tuae possent provenire pericula, fideli meditatione attendens, praenominato regi in omnibus et per omnia, salva honestate ecclesiastici ordinis, deferre satagas, et eius tibi gratiam et amorem incessanter recuperare intendas; ne secus faciendo, eum contra nos et vos ipsos conturbes, et hi, qui non eodem spiritu ambulant, tibi et nobis valeant propter hoc insultare. Nos enim, data nobis opportunitate, de honore et augmento tuo cum eodem rege diligenter et sollicite conferemus, et circa conservanda iura et dignitates ecclesiae tuae necessariam diligentiam adhibebimus, et cautelam, quam convenit adhibere.


Datum Senonis, III Kalendas Martii.


Translation [date corrected]

John Allen Giles (1846). The Life and Letters of Thomas à Becket: Now First Gathered from the Contemporary Historians Volume I. Letter XVII: Whittaker and Company. pp. 232–.

LETTER XVII.

THE POPE TO THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, SENS, FEB. 28.

"Although your great prudence and integrity entitle you always to our regard, and make us ever anxious to maintain your honour, yet we must watch the temper of the times, and endeavour by prudent management to mitigate the wrath of kings. You know how much zeal our dearly beloved son Henry, the illustrious king of England, has shown in attending to the affairs of his kingdom, and how desirous he is that his arrangements should receive our ratification. Wherefore, when his late messengers, our venerable brother Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, and our dear son, the archdeacon of Poitiers, petitioned us to grant the legation of all England to the Archbishop of York, and to command you, and all the bishops, to observe the ancient constitutions and dignities of his kingdom, and we unexpectedly modified his petition, he hardly listened to their report, but dispatched Geoffrey, your archdeacon, and Master John, to request the same things again, and even more: and he accompanied his petition with letters from yourself, and the Archbishop of York. In the matter of the dignities, though you and others had given your consent to them, yet we could not grant his request. But that we might not altogether exasperate him against us, and also for your own sake, and considering the evil nature of the times, we have granted the legation to the above-named archbishop. And, forasmuch as condescension must be shown to the will of princes, we advise, and in every way exhort your prudence, to consider well the necessities of the times, and the perils which may befall the Church, and so endeavour to please the king, saving the credit of the ecclesiastical order, that you may not, by doing otherwise, set him against both you and us, and cause those who are of a different spirit to mock and deride us. We will not fail, when an opportunity offers, to speak to the king in every way that may tend to maintain and to increase your honour, and the rights and privileges of your Church. Given at Sens, the 28th of February."


Wednesday, 14 May 2014

Forgery

The monasteries of the 12th century were factories of forgery. They were notorious for practising fraud whenever it suited them. If they needed to assert a right, a privilege, an appointment to an official position or the ownership of a parcel of land, whatever they wanted it was always well within their capability to supplement the apparently missing documentation with a copy of their own making. In an age where the majority of the people were illiterate there were few who could challenge the authenticity of these spurious creations.

Donation of Constantine

A document in which Constantine purportedy declares that he has retired to his palace on the Bosporus leaving Rome wide open for the bishops of Rome and their successors to rule, fully enriched with the grant of imperial lands. This document is the one upon which all  the medieval popes based their rights of supremacy upon.



See: Donation of Constantine

False Decretals

See: Canon Law and The Canonical System

Glastonbury Abbey


See: Michael Wood (2001). In Search of England: Journeys Into the English Past. University of California Press. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-0-520-23218-1.

The Canterbury Forgeries


These asserted the primacy in England of the archiepiscopacy of Canterbury over that of York


Brooke, C. N. L. (1950). The Canterbury Forgeries and Their Author.

Z. N. Brooke (1989). The English Church and the Papacy: From the Conquest to the Reign of John. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36687-8. pp. 122–.
 

Stephen Morillo (2007). The Haskins Society Journal.  R.F. Berkhoffer III:  The Canterbury Forgeries Revisited Boydell Press. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-84383-336-9.
The Canterbury Forgeries
R. W. Southern
The English Historical Review
Vol. 73, No. 287 (Apr., 1958), pp. 193-226
http://www.jstor.org/stable/556965


M Cheney - Journal (The) of Ecclesiastical History London, 1980 - Cambridge Univ Press


 ... the “Canterbury forgeries.” ... p. 60-
Chapter 4: Roman Holiday: William of Corbeil and the Canterbury Forgeries p. 73-
Appendix 1: The Canterbury Forgeries p. 189

The Canterbury Forgeries
R. W. Southern
The English Historical Review
Vol. 73, No. 287 (Apr., 1958), pp. 193-226
Published by: Oxford University Press

Stephen Morillo; Diane Korngiebel (2007). The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 18 Chapter 3 Boydell Press. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-84383-336-9.

Robert F. Berkhofer III

John II, Bishop of Rochester

What became of the bishopric of Rochester in the period following the death of Bishop John I in June 1137? Was he replaced by Bishop John II? This latter was a bishop so obscure it is still being debated whether he ever existed. Many documents prepared by the monks of this exist exist purportedly authorised by him.


Multiplicem Nobis

The famous letter of Gilbert Foliot to Becket.

See: 

Gilbert Foliot's letter to Becket (Summer 1166): Multiplicem nobis

Long branded as a forgery especially by Berrington, but now accepted as genuine. 

See:

G.P.R. James (1841). A History of the Life of Richard Coeur de Lion, King of England, 1. Saunders and Otley. pp. 215–29.

David Knowles (1951). Episcopal Colleagues. Cambridge University Press. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-521-05493-5.


The Magna Carta of Becket 1166


A charter purportedly protecting the freedoms of Christ Church of Canterbury.

David Wilkins (1715 & 1737). Concilia Magnae Britanniae Et Hiberniae Gosling, Gyles, Woodward, Davis. pp. 437–.

Cheney, C. R. (1963), Magna Carta Beati Thome: another CanterburyForgery. Historical Research, 36: 1–26.

MTB 555 Vol. VII Materials for the History of Thomas Becket
https://archive.org/stream/materialsforhist07robe#page/n83/mode/1up
MTB 556 Vol. VII Materials for the History of Thomas Becket
https://archive.org/stream/materialsforhist07robe#page/n86/mode/1up


References

TF Tout, Medieval Forgers And Forgeries. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, v (1919), pp. 208-34.

Flight, C. (1991). John IIBishop of RochesterDid Not Exist The English Historical Review106(CCCCXXI), 921-931.

Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Deutches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters) (1988). Fälschungen im Mittelalter: internationaler Kongress der Monumenta Germaniae Historica, München, 16.-19. September 1986. Martin Brett: Forgery at Rochester: Hahnsche Buchhandlung. ISBN 978-3-7752-5159-4.


Rochester - Kemble

The English Bishops at the Lateran Council of 1139
Reginald L. Poole
The English Historical Review
Vol. 38, No. 149 (Jan., 1923), pp. 61-63
http://www.jstor.org/stable/551892


The English Bishops at the Lateran Council of 1139
William Hunt
The English Historical Review
Vol. 38, No. 152 (Oct., 1923), pp. 557-560
Published by: Oxford University Press
Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/551928

What Is Wrong with a Forgery?
Alfred Lessing
The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
Vol. 23, No. 4 (Summer, 1965), pp. 461-471

Forgery and the Literacy of the Early Common Law
Bruce O'Brien
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
Vol. 27, No. 1 (Spring, 1995), pp. 1-18

James J. Spigelman (2004). Becket & Henry: The Becket Lectures. James Spigelman. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-0-646-43477-3.


G.P.R. James (1841). A History of the Life of Richard Coeur de Lion, King of England, 1. Saunders and Otley. pp. 225–.

Alfred Hiatt (2004). The Making of Medieval Forgeries: False Documents in Fifteenth-century England. University of Toronto Press.  ISBN 978-0-8020-8951-9.


Joe Nickell (2009). Real or Fake: Studies in Authentication. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 167–. ISBN 0-8131-7330-2.

On Fakes and Forgeries
Gilbert Bagnani
Phoenix
Vol. 14, No. 4 (Winter, 1960), pp. 228-244
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1085864


Anthony Musson (2001). Expectations of the Law in the Middle Ages. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-0-85115-842-6.


Greta Austin (2009). Shaping Church Law Around the Year 1000: The Decretum of Burchard of Worms. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-0-7546-5091-1.

Philippa M. Hoskin; Christopher Nugent Lawrence Brooke; Richard Barrie Dobson (2005). The Foundations of Medieval English Ecclesiastical History: Studies Presented to David Smith. Boydell Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-1-84383-169-3.

Dr Jean Truax (2012). Archbishops Ralph d'Escures, William of Corbeil and Theobald of Bec: Heirs of Anselm and Ancestors of Becket. Appendix 1: The Canterbury Forgeries: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 236–. ISBN 978-1-4094-6180-7.

Philippa M. Hoskin; Christopher Nugent Lawrence Brooke; Richard Barrie Dobson (2005). The Foundations of Medieval English Ecclesiastical History: Studies Presented to David Smith. Why Forge Episcopal Acta?: Boydell Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-84383-169-3.

Saint Thomas' Library Canterbury

Reference

M.R. James (1903) The ancient libraries of Canterbury and Dover. Cambridge.

https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13497425M/The_ancient_libraries_of_Canterbury_and_Dover

https://archive.org/stream/ancientlibraries00jame#page/n44/mode/1up pp. xli - xlii

https://archive.org/stream/ancientlibraries00jame#page/82/mode/1up pp 82-86