William Fitzstephen

References


Fitzstephen, William (DNB00) - Wikisource

W. H. Hutton (1889), St Thornas of Canterbury, pp. 272-274
http://archive.org/stream/sthomascanterbu02huttgoog#page/n294/mode/1up

Michael Staunton (7 December 2001). The Lives of Thomas Manchester University Press. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-7190-5455-6.

Christopher Nugent Lawrence Brooke; Christopher Robert Cheney (1976). Church and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to C. R. Cheney on His 70th Birthday. William Fitzstephen and his life of Archbishop Thomas (Becket) by Cheney, Mary Gwendolen;: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–56. ISBN 978-0-521-21172-7.

William Fitzstephen - Wikipedia

Oxford DNB William fitz Stephen

Edward Foss (1870). Biographia Juridica: A Biographical Dictionary of the Judges of England from the Conquest to the Present Time, 1066-1870. William Fitz-Stephen: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-1-886363-86-1.

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica-Fitz Stephen, William - Wikisource

Frank Barlow (1990). Thomas Becket. University of California Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-520-07175-9.

Anne Duggan (2007). Thomas Becket: Friends, Networks, Texts and Cult. Ashgate/Variorum. ISBN 978-0-7546-5922-8.
Chapter XIV The Salem Fitzstephen

Christopher Nugent Lawrence Brooke; Westfield College (University of London) (1968*). Time, the Archsatirist. London University, Westfield College.

Works

James Craigie Robertson. Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (Canonized by Pope Alexander III, AD 1173).
Volume III Vita Sancti Thomae, Cantuarensis Archepiscopi et Martyris, Auctore Willelmo Filio Stephani. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-04927-6

Saint Thomas (à Becket) (1845). "Vita Sancti Thomae Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi et Martyris. ,Auctore Willelmo Filio Stephani". Opera. Parker. pp. 171–.

BNF Gallica: Materials for the history of Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, canonized by pope Alexander III, A. D. 1173. Vol. 3 ed

William Fitzstephen (1772). Fitz-Stephen's Description of the City of London, B. White.

Historiæ Anglicanæ Scriptores Varii nunc primum editi, printed at London in 1723, has given us the life of St. Thomas, compiled by William Fitz-Stephens, Jos Sparke (1723). Historiæ Anglicanæ Scriptores Varii E Codicibus Mss.

Gourde, Leo T. (1943), "An Annotated Translation of the Life of St. Thomas Becket by William Fitzstephen"
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1621&context=luc_theses

An Annotated Translation of the Life of St. Thomas Becket (Part Two)
by William Fitzstephen trans. Mary Aelred Sinclair (1944)
Loyola University Chicago

http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1368&context=luc_theses

William Fitzstephen (1961). The life and death of Thomas Becket, Chancellor of England and Archbishop of Canterbury: based on the account of William fitzStephen, his clerk, with additions from other contemporary sources. Folio Society.

University of Zurich

CORPUS CORPORUM

Willelmus_filius_Stephani

Manuscripts

London, British Library, Lansdowne Ms 398 ff. 1-42v.
William Fitzstephen: Vita Sancti Thomae Becket

Details from the British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts

Oxford, Bodleian Library Douce Ms 287 ff. 1-36v.

Catalogue of the printed books and manuscripts bequeathed by Francis Douce, esq. to the Bodleian Library (1840)

CCLXXXVII. Membranaceus, in 4to, ff. 109, sec. xm.; olim ecclesiae S. Thomae, martyris de Lesnes, [Cant.] postea, anno 1699, Edw: Luidii, ex dono ... Ejusdem Gulielmi liber de vita et passione Thomae Becket, archiepiscopi et martyris. fol. 3.

https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofprint00bodluoft#page/47/mode/1up

Early English Laws- Manuscript Dc


MS British Library Cotton Julius A. xi. ff 115-52
William Fitz Stephen, life of St Thomas Becket.
http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/cotton/mss/jul1.htm

Lambeth Palace Library, MS 138, ff. 205-212v.
Montague Rhodes James; Claude Jenkins. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Lambeth Palace. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-108-02783-0.

Others

Bodl., MS James 10 (S.C. 3847), p. 70 (excerpts from Jul. A. xi by Richard James).
Hereford Cathedral, MS O. iv. 14, ff. 199-223r.

MS References
Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy (1865). "418: Vita. S. Thomae, Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi, a Willelmo filio Stephani conscripta.". Descriptive catalogue of materials relating to the history of Great Britain and Ireland: to the end of the reign of Henry VII. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. pp. 330–.

Anselm of Canterbury

Of all his immediate predecessors as Archbishops of Canterbury that Becket might be compared with most, Anselm of Canterbury was perhaps the most significant.  Like Becket Anselm was forced into exile, twice for defying the wishes of two kings of England, both William II (Rufus) and Henry I (Beauclerc). He firmly stood up to both of them. In a sense the history and story Becket seemed to be repeating the history ans story of Anselm of half a century earlier. One has to ask what is it in the nature of the Norman kingship where being an autocratic monarch, anointed of God, seems to justify such a person in exacting his absolute authority over everyone and everything? And if one becomes archbishop of Canterbury in the Roman Catholic Church, is it impossible for one to serve two masters, pope and king, at the same time? Does being archbishop of Canterbury make one feel one is a superior person? History was seemingly to repeat itself again several centuries later with the story of  Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey, and even if Wolsey was never archbishop of Canterbury, he was still the most senior churchman in the country. If the Constitutions of Clarendon are to be understood in their full historical context, then knowing and understanding part of the story of Anselm is necessary.

The mission of St. Augustine sent by pope Gregory the Great to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons had another motive, that of bringing back the British Isles and its existing Christian communities and their diverse separate customs into the fold of  Roman Catholicism as practised in Rome. How far that was successful and how long that took is not our concern her, other than to note that Canterbury was always central to this idea and process, and that many of the various Archbishops before Becket were all very much the pope's men. England was remote from Rome and its Christian communities tended to keep their religious customs behind those in Rome. Indeed William the Conqueror mission to take over the kingdom of England he was directed and supported by the pope to bring reform the English church. As part of his programme for the church he replaced nearly all the Anglo-Saxon bishops with Norman ones, including appointing Lanfranc to the post of Archbishop of Canterbury. Lanfranc was very much the number two in the kingdom after William, and was its chief administrator whenever William was absent in Normandy. Lanfranc was Anselm's mentor and Anselm became his natural successor.

The Norman kings of England were very much the absolute overlords in their own land, and resented outside interference. As far as they were concerned England would not be ruled over by two masters, but the church and its bishops would, of course, be tolerated, as vassals of the king, with the king taking overall precedence and having overall authority.

Council of Rockingham 1095

Upon being appointed archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm wanted to go to Rome to collect his pallium directly from the hands of pope Urban II. But king William Rufus would not allow him to do this, as he had not made up his mind which of the popes his kingdom should show allegiance to: pope Urban II in Rome, or the antipope Clement III. The King argued that no one in England should acknowledge either pope till he, the king, had decided the matter. On 25 February 1095, the bishops and nobles of England met in council at Rockingham castle to decide the issue. It resulted in complete deadlock, with the bishops supporting the king, and the magnates supporting Anselm.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury

Louis Ellies Du Pin; William Wotton (1698). A new history of ecclesiastical writers. St. Anselm: Printed for Abel Swalle and Tim. Childe.

Frank Barlow (1 January 1983). William Rufus. University of California Press. pp. 339–. ISBN 978-0-520-04936-9.

Kent, W. (1907). St. Anselm. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01546a.htm

Anselm (Archbishop) 
Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Anselm_(Archbishop)

The Christian Remembrancer. F.C. & J. Rivington. 1843. pp. 362–.

Walter F. Hook (1862). Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury. Bentley. pp. 183–.

"Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Christianity". The North British Review. 1862. pp. 35–68.

Laura Napran; Elisabeth M. C. Van Houts (2004). Exile in the Middle Ages: selected proceedings from the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, 8-11 July 2002. Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-51453-6.

Pp. 159-180 Michael Staunton Exile in the Lives of Anselm and Thomas Becket

The Life and Times of St. Anselm [2 Vols.]

Martin Rule (1883)

K. Paul, Trench, & co. (London)

Volume 1:

http://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta00rulegoog

Volume 2:

http://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta00ansegoog

History of Normandy and England

Francis Palgrave (1864)

Volume 3:

http://archive.org/details/historynormandy03palggoog

Volume 4:

http://archive.org/details/historynormandy01unkngoog

The reign of William Rufus and the accession of Henry the First (1882)

http://archive.org/details/reignwilliamruf00freegoog

http://archive.org/details/reignwilliamruf03freegoog

Dante, and St. Anselm

Church, R. W. (1906)

London : G. Routledge

http://archive.org/details/dantestanselm00churuoft

R.W. Southern (1992). St. Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43818-6.

http://www.strobertbellarmine.net/books/Eadmer--Life_of_St_Anselm.pdf

St. Anselm: Reluctant Archbishop?

Sally M. Vaughn

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

Vol. 6, No. 3 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 240-250

Published by: The North American Conference on British Studies

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4048245

Anselm: Saint and Statesman

Sally N. Vaughn

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

Vol. 20, No. 2 (Summer, 1988), pp. 205-220

Published by: The North American Conference on British Studies

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4050042

St Anselm of Canterbury: the philosopher-saint as politician

Sally N. Vaughn

Journal of Medieval History

Vol. 1, Iss. 3, 1975

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(75)90004-4

St Anselm and the English investiture controversy reconsidered

Sally N. Vaughn

Journal of Medieval History

Vol. 6, Iss. 1, 1980

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(80)90028-7

Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie. Société des antiquaires de Normandie. 1853. pp. 10–.

Robert Henry; Malcolm Laing (1788). The History of Great Britain, from the First Invasion of it by the Romans Under Julius Cæsar: Written on a New Plan. History of Religion in England Henry I and Stephen: A. Strahan; and T. Cadell. pp. 290–.

Philippe, abbé de l'Aumône

Also known as

The Pope's Almoner
Philip the Almoner
The Abbot of Alms
Abbas de Eleemosyna
Philippus de Eleemosyna
Abbat of Charity

Formerly archdeacon of Liège, he accompanied St. Bernard during his crusade into Germany. Later he became prior of Clairvaux whilst St. Bernard was still alive. Subsequently he became the fourth abbot of Aumône, a major Cistercian establishment at Blois, in 1156. A very capable diplomat he enjoyed a very high esteem amongst the popes, bishops and kings of the time, having been a protegé of the great St. Bernard. Towards the end of October 1163, he was sent by pope Alexander III as a legate a latere  to Thomas Becket, together with a letter from him to try to persuade Thomas, in the name of the pope and cardinals, to compromise and accept the king's position. Philip was an avid supporter of pope Alexander III's cause, and Alexander frequently used Cistercians as his emissaries. Becket was told to be both reasonable and valiant in the defence of the church, but was told he could only hope for "just and reasonable support" from the papal curia. Becket had already been warned about this beforehand by John, bishop of Poitiers, in a letter, that he probably could not really expect to get any significant support from the papal curia in matters which might offend the king. 

Philip found Becket at his manor in Harrow where he had gone after the Council of Westminster.  Philip told him that the pope had accepted king Henry’s promises, and explained to him that by dropping the clause salvo ordine suo [saving his own order] from the oath that this was only a matter of the king trying to save face, and that it really did not pose any real danger to the church's position were it to be left out.  It is also highly likely that at the the same time Philip told Becket that arrangements were being for him to be able to flee into safety and exile into France were it to become necessary for him to to have to abandon England, and that the Cistercians there had been told to prepare sanctuary for him.

Becket caved in. He went to the fortress at Oxford, where the king was staying, and agreed to the retraction of the Saving clause, and before the king promised verbally and without reservation, that he would observe the ancient customs of the kingdom.

But this was not enough for the king. He now wanted Becket to profess this publicly in front of all the bishops and nobles. This directly led to the Council of Clarendon, which was held soon afterwards in January 1164.

References

Saint Thomas (à Becket) (2000). "Letter 18: Bishop John of Poitiers to Archbishop Thomas Becket". The Correspondence of Thomas Becket: Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162-1170. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-0-19-820892-1

Isabelle de Warrene

Extract from William Fitzstephen. Materials iii, p. 142

...
Eum procumbentem Ricardus Brito percussit tanta vi ut et gladius ad caput ejus et ad ecclesiae pavimentum frangeretur, et ait, 'Hoc habeas pro amore domini mei Willelmi, fratis regis.' Hic siquidem Willelmus appetiverat conjugium comitissae de Warrena, sed archiepiscopus contradixerat, quoniam hic Willelmus ex matre imperatrice Mahalt, ille comes Warennae Willhelmus ex patre rege Stephano, consobrinorum fuerant filii. Unde Willelmus, frater regis Henrici, inconsolabiliter doluit et omnes sui archiepiscopo inimici facti sunt.
...

And whilst prostrated Richard Brito struck his head with such a force that both his sword and the paving of the church cracked, and he said, "You may have this for the love of my lord William, brother of the king." This all followed  from the marriage of William had desired with the Countess of Warren, but which the archbishop had opposed, since this William's mother was the Empress Matilda, and Earl William Warren, his father was King Stephen, it followed they were children of cousins. Hence the soul of William, the brother of King Henry,  was inconsolably grieved, and this made all of them enemies towards the archbishop.

References

House of Warren - Wikipedia

Keith Sidwell (24 August 1995). Reading Medieval Latin. Cambridge University Press. pp. 317–. ISBN 978-0-521-44747-8. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_de_Warenne,_4th_Countess_of_Surrey

Hilary, bishop of Chichester

References

Hilary of Chichester - Wikipedia

Hilary (d.1169) (DNB00) - Wikisource

Hilary of Chichester - New Catholic Encyclopedia - HighBeam Research

Sir Francis Palgrave (1832). The rise and progress of the English commonwealth: Anglo-Saxon period. Containing the Anglo-Saxon policy, and the institutions arising out of laws and usages which prevailed before the conquest. J. Murray. pp. 3–.

Mark Antony Lower (1851). The chronicle of Battle Abbey, from 1066 to 1176. J.R. Smith. pp. 74–.

Christopher Brooks. Communities & Courts in Britain, 1150-1900. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-85285-151-4. 

John Burke (1832). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. pp. 613–.

Popular educator (1767). The popular educator. pp. 49–. Retrieved

Frank Barlow (1990). Thomas Becket. University of California Press. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-520-07175-9

Hilary, Bishop of Chichester (1147-1169) and Henry IIby Henry Mayr-HartingThe English Historical ReviewVol. 78, No. 307 (Apr., 1963), pp. 209-224Oxford University Press
http://www.jstor.org/stable/560029

Pope Alexander III

References

Anne J. Duggan (22 April 2016). Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-317-07836-4. 

Sede Vacante 1159  http://goo.gl/5lWvRy  http://goo.gl/VdtidF 
https://archive.is/hP22J

Loughlin, James. "Pope Alexander III." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907.

<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01287a.htm>.

Alexander III Encyclopedia Britannica 1911

Pope Alexander III - Wikipedia

Migne, ed. (1855). Patrologiae cursus completus: sive Bibliotheca universalis. Tomus CC : Alexander III Pontifex Maximus. J. P. Migne. pp. 9–

Robert Somerville (1977). Pope Alexander III and the Council of Tours: (1163) : a Study of Ecclesiastical Politics and Institutions in the Twelfth Century. University of California Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-520-03184-5.

Cesare Baronio (1869). Annales ecclesiastici denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner... Barri-Ducis. pp. 230–.

 

Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester

Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, brother of King Stephen, one time papal legate to England with precedence over the Archbishop of Canterbury, had the ambition to turn Winchester into a metropolitan see, that is to make it an archepiscopacy, to rival that of Canterbury, and by taking seven of the latter's sees, in particular all the West country ones, and incorporating these into his own metropolitan province based at Winchester. He had persuaded Pope Lucien to accept this, but the latter died before it could be put into action. Archbishop Theobald fought strongly to protect his authority and Canterbury's rights.

Has been called "kingmaker" to rival that of Warwick several centuries later. 

References

Henry Of Blois - Encyclopedia Britannica 1911

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39435/39435-h/39435-h.htm#ar90

Henry of Blois - Wikipedia

David Knowles (1966). "Chapter VII Henry of Winchester". Saints and Scholars. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-0-521-09172-5

Davis, Michael R. Henry of Blois: Prince Bishop of the Twelfth Century Renaissance. Baltimore: Publishamerica, LLLP, 2009. ISBN: 978-1-60749-753-0.
12.01.03, Davis, Henry of Blois | Munns | The Medieval Review

Henry of Blois (DNB00) - Wikisource

David Knowles. The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket: Being the Ford Lectures Delivered in the University of Oxford in Hilary Term, 1949. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-521-05493-5.

Lena Voss (1931). Heinrich von Blois Bischof von Winchester (1129-71): Teildruck. Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin.

Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester

Stephen Hyde Cassan (1827). The Lives of the Bishops of Winchester: From Birinus, the First Bishop of the West Saxons, to the Present Time : in Two Volumes. Containing the lives of the Roman Catholic Bishops. Rivington. pp. 147–.

Dom David Knowles (2004). The Monastic Order in England: A History of Its Development from the Times of St Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council 940-1216. Cambridge University Press. pp. 286–. ISBN 978-0-521-54808-3.  

https://archive.org/stream/originesanglican02inetuoft#page/262/mode/1up

https://archive.org/stream/originesanglican02inetuoft#page/265/mode/1up

William Woolnoth (1816). A graphical illustration of the metropolitan cathedral church of CanterburyT. Cadell and W. Davies. pp. 143–.

David Rollason (14 June 2017). Princes of the Church: Bishops and Their Palaces. Chapter 15: Why So Many Houses?: Taylor & Francis. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-1-351-85941-7.
The following book  suggests that Glastonbury is Avalon. And to show how as abbot of Glastonbury, Henry Blois, used Geoffrey of Monmouth as a nom de plume composing the epic tale from Brutus to Arthur known as the ‘History of the Kings of Britain’ and was responsible for composing the Prophecies of Merlin.

Francis Lot. The Island of Avalon: Volume 1. Lulu.com. pp. 420–. ISBN 978-1-326-28003-1.

 

Gilbert Foliot, bishop of London

References


Gilbert Foliot - Wikipedia

Morey & Brooke, ed. (1955). Gilbert Foliot and His Letters. CUP Archive.

Gilbert Foliot and His Letters. Chapter IX: Gilbert Foliot and Thomas Becket: CUP Archive. pp. 147–.

Gilbert Foliot; Adrian Morey; Christopher Nugent Lawrence Brooke (1967). The Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot, Abbot of Gloucester (1139-48), Bishop of Hereford (1148-63), and London (1163-87). Cambridge U. P.

Gilbert Foliot and his letters : Foliot, Gilbert - Internet Archive

Bishops of London British History Online


Gilbert Foliot

Trans. from Hereford 6 March 1163 (Diceto 1 309). Pope's conf. 19 March (G.F.L. no. 141); abp.'s conf. (G.F.L. no. 142). Enthr. 28 Apr. (Diceto 1 309). D. 18 Feb. 1187 (ibid. p. 47; cf. Gesta Hen. II 11 5). Commem. 18 Feb. (Obits. I fo. 10v, II fo. 107v, III fo. 92v), 17 Feb. (Hereford obit., see [R. Rawlinson,] Hist. and Antiquities of the City and Cathedral-Church of Hereford (1717) app. p. (6)).






Urquhart, Francis. "Gilbert Foliot." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909.
<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06556a.htm>.

Foliot, Gilbert (DNB00) - Wikisource






Gilbert Foliot [Encyclopedia Britannica 1911]






Gilbert Foliot and His Letters. CUP Archive.






Dom Adrian Morey; C. N. L. Brooke. Gilbert Foliot and His Letters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07288-5.






Gilbert Foliot. Gilberti Ex Abbate Glocestriab Episcopi Primum Herefordiensis Deinde Londoniensis Epistolab. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-0-554-40435-6.


Volume 1
http://archive.org/details/gilbertiexabbat00gilegoog


Volume 2
http://archive.org/details/gilbertiexabbat01gilegoog


Gilberti Foliot Episcopi Londinensis, Expositio in Canticum canticorum , una cum Compendio Alcuini. Nunc primùm è Bibliotheca Regia in lucem prodiit, opera & studio Patricii Junii Bibliothecarii Regii Expositio in Canticum canticorum Alcuini Compendium in Canticum canticorum. 1638.

Thomas Fuller (1811). The history of the worthies of England. Printed for F.C. & J. Rivington. pp. 276–.

John A. Mulryan (1966). Gilbert Foliot, Bishop of London in the Time of Thomas Becket.

John Thomas Noonan (1988). Bribes. University of California Press. pp. 166. (and 163-64, 168-71) ISBN 978-0-520-06154-5.

James J. Spigelman. Becket & Henry: The Becket Lectures. James Spigelman. pp. 158– (and many others). ISBN 978-0-646-43477-3.

Henry Hart Milman (1863). History of Latin Christianity: including that of the popes to the pontificate of Nicolas V.. Sheldon and co.. pp. 454–

David Knowles. "Chapter VIII Gilbert Foliot". Saints and Scholars. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-521-09172-5.


G. E. Aylmer; John Eric Tiller (2000). Hereford Cathedral: A History. A&C Black. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-85285-194-1.

Thomas Wright; Royal Society of Literature (Great Britain) (1846). Biographia britannica literaria. Gale Research Company. pp. 271–.

Arnulf of Lisieux

References

Arnulf of Lisieux - Wikipedia

Arnulf of Lisieux - Oxford DNB

The Letters of Arnulf of Lisieux
https://goo.gl/dhhjbp

The Letters of Arnulf of Lisieux - http://goo.gl/bvljAc

Shahan, Thomas. "Arnulf of Lisieux." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 Jan. 2013 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01752a.htm>.

Louis Ellies Du Pin; William Wotton (1698). A new history of ecclesiastical writers  Arnulphus bishop of Lisieux: Printed for Abel Swalle and Tim. Childe. pp. 1–.

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain); George Long (1844). The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge--. Arnulf of Lisieux: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 618–.

Carolyn Poling Schriber (1 October 1990). The dilemma of Arnulf of Lisieux: new ideas versus old ideals. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35097-8.

Carolyn Poling Schriber (1988). Arnulf of Lisieux: The Dilemmas of a Twelfth-century Norman Bishop. University of Colorado.

Arnulf (of Lisieux) (1939). The letters of Arnulf of Lisieux. Offices of the Royal Historical Society

Arnulf (of Lisieux) (1997). The Letter Collections of Arnulf of Lisieux. E. Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-8689-8.

Arnulf (of Lisieux); Royal Historical Society (Great Britain) (1963). Camden third series. Royal Historical Society.
Camden Third Series: Volume 61 (1939)

Geoffrey (of Monmouth, Bishop of St. Asaph) (1985). The Historia regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth: Bern, Burgerbibliothek, MS. 568. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-85991-211-2. 

Derek Baker (1995). "Arnulf of Lisieux advises Becket EHD II (1955) p. 741". England in the Early Middle Ages. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-85115-647-7.

Patrologiae cursus completus: Series Latina. Ed. Jacques-Paul Migne. T. 201. Patrologiæ Tomus CCI. Opera Omnia Arnulfus Lexov, Episc., et alii. Garnier. 1903.

eBook

Egbert Türk. "Arnoul de Lisieux". Nugae Curialium: Le Regne D'henri II Plantegenet (1145-1189) Et L'ethique Politique. Librairie Droz. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-2-600-03378-7.


Les sermons d’Arnoul de Lisieux
by Audry Bettant
http://theses.enc.sorbonne.fr/2005/bettant

DIX-HUIT LETTRES INÉDITES: D'ARNOUL DE LISIEUX

René Poupardin

Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes

Vol. 63 (1902), pp. 352-373, 769

Published by: Librairie Droz

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43004375

Dix-huit lettres inédites d'Arnoul de Lisieux - Persée

Edward Grim

Edward Grim

Eye witness to the murder of Becket in Canterbury Cathedral


References

Edward Grim - Wikipedia

James Craigie Robertson; Joseph Brigstocke Sheppard (1876). Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (canonized by Pope Alexander III, A.D. 1173). Volume II. Vita Sancti Thomae - Auctore Edwardo Grim: Longman & Company. pp. 353–.

Edward Grim's account of the Murder of Thomas Becket

Patrologia Latina Tomus 190
Edwardus Grim ()
Vita I S. Thomae Cantuariensis
Parisiis
J. P. Migne
1854
http://www.mlat.uzh.ch/MLS/xanfang.php?tabelle=Edwardus_Grim_cps2&corpus=2&lang=0&allow_download=

John of Salisbury

Author of  the Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury. Bishop of Chartres. Author of the  Policraticus and Metalogicon.

His extant works, with the exception of the Historia Pontificalis and also of the Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury, are printed in the 199th volume of Migne's Patrologia Latina.

The central question of relevance to this blog is, was John of Salisbury the mastermind behind Becket's resistance to Henry II? Becket never sent any letters to the important personages of the times without consulting his friend, John of Salisbury, first. 

References

John of Salisbury - Wikipedia

Jean de Salisbury - Wikipédia

John of Salisbury (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

John of Salisbury > Princely Tyranny and the Liberty of the Church (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

The Alleged Disgrace of John of Salisbury in 1159
Giles Constable
The English Historical Review
Vol. 69, No. 270 (Jan., 1954), pp. 67-76 (10 pages)
Published by: Oxford University Press

http://jstor.org/stable/556294

John Sellars (2016). The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition. Chapter 6: Stoic Themes in Peter Abelard and John of Salisbury: Routledge. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-317-67583-9. 

 Reginald Lane Poole (1924). The Early Correspondence of John of Salisbury. British academy.
 https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005822885   Full view University of Wisconsin - Madison

Irene O'Daly (7 February 2018). John of Salisbury and the medieval Roman renaissance. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-0952-1.
John of Salisbury and the medieval Roman renaissance : O'Daly, Irene, - Internet Archive

Policraticus - Wikipedia

John of Salisbury's The Policraticus, 1159

Nederman, C. J., & Campbell, C. (1991). Priests, Kings, and Tyrants: Spiritual and Temporal Power in John of Salisbury’s Policraticus. Speculum, 66(3), 572–590.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2864227

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2864227

John of Salisbury's Troubles Leading To His Exile

Maurice Demimuid (1873). Jean de Salisbury. E. Thorin

Albrecht Classen (2011). Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms – Methods – Trends. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1934–. ISBN 978-3-11-021558-8.

A history of political thought; the Middle Ages : Ullmann, Walter, 1910- Internet Archive

Chapter 4: The Hierocratic Doctrine In Its Maturity

Aristotelianism and the Origins of "Political Science" in the Twelfth Century

Author(s): Cary J. Nederman

Source: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1991), pp. 179-194

Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2709524

Priests, Kings, and Tyrants: Spiritual and Temporal Power in John of Salisbury'sPolicraticus

Author(s): Cary J. Nederman and Catherine Campbell

Source: Speculum, Vol. 66, No. 3 (Jul., 1991), pp. 572-590

Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy ofAmerica

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2864227

Nature, Sin and the Origins of Society: The Ciceronian Tradition in Medieval PoliticalThought

Author(s): Cary J. Nederman

Source: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 49, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1988), pp. 3-26

Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2709701

A Special Collection: John of Salisbury's Relics of Saint Thomas Becket and Other HolyMartyrs
Author(s): Karen Bollermann and Cary J. Nederman
Source: Mediaevistik, Vol. 26 (2013), pp. 163-181
Published by: Peter Lang AG
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24615853

The Liberty of the Church and the Road to Runnymede: John of Salisbury and theIntellectual Foundations of the Magna Carta
Author(s): Cary J. Nederman
Source: PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 43, No. 3 (July 2010), pp. 456-461
Published by: American Political Science Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25699350

NATURE, ETHICS, AND THE DOCTRINE OF 'HABITUS': ARISTOTELIAN MORAL PSYCHOLOGYIN THE TWELFTH CENTURY
Author(s): CARY J. NEDERMAN
Source: Traditio, Vol. 45 (1989-1990), pp. 87-110
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27831241

The Aristotelian Doctrine of the Mean and John of Salisbury's "Concept of Liberty"
Author(s): CARY J. NEDERMAN
Source: Vivarium, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1986), pp. 128-142
Published by: Brill
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42569782

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ORGANIC METAPHOR IN JOHN OF SALISBURY'S "POLICRATICUS"
Cary J. Nederman
History of Political Thought
Vol. 8, No. 2 (Summer 1987), pp. 211-223

Published by: Imprint Academic Ltd.

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26213292

Dr Paul Dalton; Professor David Luscombe (28 June 2015). Rulership and Rebellion in the Anglo-Norman World, c.1066–c.1216: Essays in Honour of Professor Edmund King. Chapter 9: David Luscombe - John of Salisbury and Courtiers' Trifles: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-1-4724-1375-8.

John Guy (5 April 2012). Thomas Becket: Warrior, Priest, Rebel, Victim: A 900-Year-Old Story Retold. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-0-14-193328-3.

J. H. Burns; James Henderson Burns (1988). The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought C.350-c.1450. Cambridge University Press. pp. 327–. ISBN 978-0-521-42388-5.

Cary J. Nederman (1 January 1997). Medieval Aristotelianism and Its Limits: Classical Traditions in Moral and Political Philosophy, 12Th-15th Centuries. Variorum. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-86078-622-1.

William Cave (1745). Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum historia literaria Volumen II apud J. Rudolph. Im-Hoff. pp. 243–.

Louis Ellies Du Pin; William Wotton (1698). A new history of ecclesiastical writers  John of Salisbury: Printed for Abel Swalle and Tim. Childe.

University Magazine: A Literary and Philosophic Review. Pre-historic Oxford - Vacarius and John of Salisbury: Curry. 1867. pp. 611–.

A Companion to John of Salisbury. BRILL. 28 November 2014. pp. 5–. Contents ISBN 978-90-04-28294-0.

A Companion to John of Salisbury. BRILL. 28 November 2014. ISBN 978-90-04-28294-0.

A Companion to John of Salisbury. Chapter 2: John of Salisbury and Thomas Becket: BRILL. 2014. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-90-04-28294-0.

John Hosler (2013). John of Salisbury: Military Authority of the Twelfth-Century Renaissance. BRILL. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-90-04-25147-2.

C. N. L. Brooke (1999). Churches and Churchmen in Medieval Europe. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-85285-183-5.

Francis Courtney (1954). Cardinal Robert Pullen. An english theologian of the 12th century. Gregorian Biblical BookShop.  ISBN 978-88-7652-042-6.
[Pullen was JoS and Gilbert Foliot's tutor in Paris] 

Bollermann, K., & Nederman, C. J. (2014). John of Salisbury and Thomas Becket. In A Companion to John of Salisbury (pp. 63-104). Brill.

Bollermann, K., & Nederman, C. J. (2014). The “Sunset Years”: John of Salisbury as Bishop of Chartres and the Emergent Cult of St. Thomas Becket in France. Viator, 45(2), 55-76.

Bollermann, K., & Nederman, C. J. (2014). A Special Collection: John of Salisbury's Relics of Saint Thomas Becket and Other Holy Martyrs.Mediaevistik, 26(1), 163-181.

 

Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA)
John of Salisbury
http://www.arlima.net/no/1528

JOHN OF SALISBURY

Sister M. Anthony Brown

Franciscan Studies

Vol. 19, No. 3/4 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER 1959), pp. 241-297

Published by: Franciscan Institute Publications

Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41974691

Maurice Demimuid (1873). Jean de Salisbury. E. Thorin.

Jean de Salisbury - Maurice Demimuid

Michael Staunton (1 January 2006). Thomas Becket and His Biographers. Boydell. ISBN 978-1-84383-271-3.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81rgf

Pages: 19-27 The forerunner: John of Salisbury

Barrau Julie. La conversio de Jean de Salisbury : la Bible au service de Thomas Becket ?. 

In: Cahiers de civilisation médiévale. 50e année (n°199), Juillet-septembre 2007. pp. 229-244.

doi : 10.3406/ccmed.2007.2966

url : /web/revues/home/prescript/article/ccmed_0007-9731_2007_num_50_199_2966

Hans Liebeschütz (1968). Mediaeval humanism in the life and writings of John of Salisbury. Kraus Reprint.

J. H. Burns; James Henderson Burns (1988). The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought C.350-c.1450. John of Salisbury: Cambridge University Press. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-0-521-42388-5.

Beryl Smalley (1973). The Becket conflict and the schools: a study of intellectuals in politics. Chapter IV John of Salisbury pp 87-108 Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-87471-172-1.

Election of Pope Adrian IV - History Today

Magister Vacarius

F. Liebermann

The English Historical Review

Vol. 11, No. 42 (Apr., 1896), pp. 305-314

Published by: Oxford University Press

Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/547748

 

Barrau Julie. La conversio de Jean de Salisbury : la Bible au service de Thomas Becket ?. In: Cahiers de civilisation médiévale. 50e année (n°199), Juillet-septembre 2007. pp. 229-244.

doi : 10.3406/ccmed.2007.2966

url : /web/revues/home/prescript/article/ccmed_0007-9731_2007_num_50_199_2966

DIPLOMATIC MISSION John of Salisbury and the crisis in the Church of England (1162-1170 AD).

The article is dedicated to the diplomatic activity of a prominent medieval thinker and writer, John of Salisbury (1115/1120–1180), during the conflict between Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Henry II Plantagenet. It is shown that John of Salisbury was a key figure in solving the confrontation between the church and the king.

ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ МИССИИ ИОАННА СОЛСБЕРИЙСКОГО И КРИЗИС В АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ЦЕРКВИ (1162–1170 ГГ.) - тема научной статьи по истории и историческим наукам, читайте бесплатно текст научно-исследовательской работы в электронной библиотеке КиберЛенинка

Works

Giovanni di Salisbury (1990). Inos Biffi, ed. Anselmo e Becket. Editoriale Jaca Book. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-88-16-40263-8.

John of Salisbury; tr. Ronald E. Pepin (2009). Anselm & Becket: two Canterbury saints' lives. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 978-0-88844-298-7.

John (of Salisbury.) (1848). Joannis Saresberiensis ... opera omnia, collegit et cum codicibus MSS. contulit J.A. Giles. pp. 359–.
Vita Sancti Thomae Cantuar Auctore Joanne Saresberiensi Carnotensi Episcopo 
Another Link
John (of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres); John Allen Giles (1848). Joannis Saresberiensis opera omnia. Nunc primum in unum collegit et cum codicibus manuscriptis: Opuscula et poemata. J. H. Parker. pp. 359–. 

John (of Salisbury.) (1848). Joannis Saresberiensis ... opera omnia, collegit et cum codicibus MSS. contulit J.A. Giles. Opera Omnia

Mary De Chantal Biala (1945). Annotated Translation of the Life of Saint Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury by John of Salisbury and Alan of Tewkesbury. Loyola University of Chicago
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=luc_theses

John (of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres); Ronald E. Pepin (2009). Anselm & Becket: two Canterbury saints' lives. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 978-0-88844-298-7.

Chretien Lupus; Alejandro III (Papa); Luis VII (Rey de Francia.); Enrique II (Rey de Inglaterra.), Tommaso Antonio Filippini (1728). Epistolae et vita D. Thomae martyris et Archi-episcopi Cantuariensis: nec non epistolae Alexandri III Pontificis, Galliae regis Ludovici Septimi, Angliae regis Henrici II ... : in lucem productae ex manuscripto Vaticano. prostant apud Jo. Baptistam Albritium q. Hieron. et Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 2–.

Patrologiae cursus completus : Series latina (1800) Volume: 199
[Tomus CXCIX]
Editor: Migne, J.-P. (Jacques-Paul)

Marguerin de La Bigne (1618). Margarini de la Bigne Magna Bibliotheca veterum Patrum. Volume 12.

Materials for the history of Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, 
Volume 2. pp 299-
https://archive.org/stream/materialsforhist02robe#page/299/mode/1up

John of Salisbury (26 October 1990). John of Salisbury: Policraticus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36701-1.
Edited and Translated by Cary J. Nederman
Book IV Chapter 3:That the Prince is a minister of priests and their inferior; and what it is for rulers to perform their ministry faithfully.

John of Salisbury (bp. of Chartres.) (1848). Joannis Saresberiensis Postea Episcopi Carnotensis Opera Omnia .... Apud J. H. Parker. 

John (of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres); John Allen Giles (1848). Joannis Saresberiensis opera omnia. Nunc primum in unum collegit et cum codicibus manuscriptis: Epistolae. J. H. Parker.

John (of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres) (1848). Joannis Saresberiensis opera omnia. Nunc primum in unum collegit et cum codicibus manuscriptis: Epistolae. Volume II. J. H. Parker. pp. 117–.

Jean de Salisbury (1639). Joannis Saresberiensis Policraticus, sive de nugis curialium et vestigiis philosophorum libri octo. Accedit huic editioni ejusdem Metalogicus.... Liber IV. Cap. III. p. 212. 

Monumenta Germaniae Historica [MGH] Tomus XX pp. 515-45 [Fragment only]

John of Salisbury's Historia Pontificalis 

http://bit.ly/1QjmUKl

Supplementa tomorum I, V, VI, XII.: Chronica aevi Suevici. Historia Pontificalis: Bibliopolii aulicii Hahniani. 1868.515-

Michael Wilks (1994). The World of John of Salisbury. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-631-19409-5.
The World of John of Salisbury - Internet Archive


John of Salisbury Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury [Latin]

From the University of Zurich Corpus Corporum

Patrologia Latina Vol 190 

Ioannes_Saresberiensis_Alanus_Tewkesburiensi_cps2, Vita IV et V S. Thomae Cantuariensis, p1

Ioannes_Saresberiensis_Alanus_Tewkesburiensi_cps2, Vita IV et V S. Thomae Cantuariensis, p2

Ioannes_Saresberiensis_Alanus_Tewkesburiensi_cps2, Vita IV et V S. Thomae Cantuariensis, p3

Ioannes_Saresberiensis_Alanus_Tewkesburiensi_cps2, Vita IV et V S. Thomae Cantuariensis, p4

Ioannes_Saresberiensis_Alanus_Tewkesburiensi_cps2, Vita IV et V S. Thomae Cantuariensis, p5

Ioannes_Saresberiensis_Alanus_Tewkesburiensi_cps2, Vita IV et V S. Thomae Cantuariensis, 1

Ioannes_Saresberiensis_Alanus_Tewkesburiensi_cps2, Vita IV et V S. Thomae Cantuariensis, 2

Biala, Mary De Chantal, "Annotated Translation of the Life of Saint Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury By John of Salisbury and Alan
of Tewkesbury" (1945). Master's Theses. Paper 51.

http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/51

The life or the ecclesiasticall historie of S. Thomas Archbishope of Canterbury
Baronio, Cesare, 1538-1607., A. B., fl. 1639.
Colloniæ [i.e. Paris: Printed by the widow of J. Blageart], M.DC.XXXIX. [1639]
(Contains in part a translation of John of Salisbury's hagiography of the Life of St. Thomas Becket)

Cesare Baronio (1975). The Life Or the Ecclesiasticall Historie of S. Thomas, Archbishope of Canterbury: 1639. Scolar Press. ISBN 978-0-85967-217-7.

The life or the ecclesiasticall historie of s. Thomas, archbishope of Canterbury [tr. from the Annales ecclesiastici of C. Baronius by A.B.]. 1639.

John of Salisbury (1987). Entheticus Maior and Minor. BRILL. pp. 6–. ISBN 90-04-07811-8.

Clement Charles Julian Webb (1971). John of Salisbury. Russell & Russell.

Beryl Smalley (1973). The Becket Conflict and the Schools  Basil Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-14400-7.
Chapter 5: John of Salisbury

The Medieval Latin Vocabulary of the Letters of John of Salisbury
By Casimir F. Kuszynski
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=luc_diss

monumenta.ch  Ioannes Saresberiensis

The “Sunset Years”: John of Salisbury as Bishop of Chartres and the Emergent Cult of St. Thomas Becket in France
Author: Karen Bollermann, Cary J. Nederman
Pages: pp. 55-76
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.103912

John of Salisbury (November 2009). The Metalogicon: A Twelfth-century Defense of the Verbal and Logical Arts of the Trivium. Paul Dry Books. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-58988-058-0.

Correspondence

John (of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres); W. J. Millor; Harold Edgeworth Butler; Christopher Nugent Lawrence Brooke (1986). The Letters of John of Salisbury: The early letters (1153-1161). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822239-2.

John (of Salisbury, évêque de Chartres.) (1979). The Letters of John of Salisbury: The later letters (1163-1180). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822240-8.

 


Translations of letters 

Translations of Letters One to Sixty of John of Salisbury
By Mary Frances Patricia Shea
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1353&context=luc_theses

An Annotated Translation of the Letters of John of Salisbury: Letters 107-135
By Clare Rooney
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1343&context=luc_theses

Translations of Letters Sixty-One to One-Hundred Six of John of Salisbury
By Mary Patricius Cullinane
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1477&context=luc_theses

An Annotated Translation of the Correspondence of John of Salisbury: Letters 136-175
By Daniel V. Harkin
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1201&context=luc_theses

Translations of Letters One-Hundred Seventy-Six to Two-Hundred Six of John of Salisbury
By Casimir F. Kuszynski
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1641&context=luc_theses

Historical Background and Translation of Letters 245-291 of John of Salisbury
By Sister Mary Josephine Peters
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1343&context=luc_theses

An Annotated Translation of the Letters of John of Salisbury
Letters 292-335
By John Francis O'Connor
http://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1671&context=luc_theses

Thomas N. Bisson (22 September 2015). The Crisis of the Twelfth Century: Power, Lordship, and the Origins of European Government. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-4008-7431-6.

De Nugis Curialium [Walter Map]

De nugis curialium - Wikipedia

Walter Map, De nugis curialium ed. M. R. James. Oxford, 1914. Anecdota Oxoniensia, Medieval and modern series, 6 (Latin text).PDF available online

Walter Map's De nugis curialium tr. M. R. James. 1923. Cymmrodorion Record Series no. 9 (translation)

Walter Map. De nugis curialium. Ed. and tr. M. R. James, C. N. L. Brooke, and R. A. B. Mynors. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983. (Latin text and facing-page English translation).

John of Salisbury (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2016 Edition)