After the meeting in Normandy the Germans followed Henry back across the sea to England, where, although received with due formal honours, they were treated coldly by the English court because of their association with the imperial antipope. Several "undiplomatic" incidents occurred, including the ritual cleansing of altars where they had celebrated mass. and the refusal by one of king Henry's senior barons, the Earl of Leicester, chief justiciar of the kingdom, to give Rainald the kiss of peace. The imperial mission returned back to Germany together with two of King Henry's most trusted envoys and representatives, John of Oxford and Richard of Ilchester. After he got back Rainald was full of boasts that he had won over Henry to the antipapal cause, and who would bring with him more than fifty bishops from his vast domains
At Whitsuntide, May 24th 1165 a grand Imperial Diet was summoned by Frederick Barbarossa to Wurzburg, There Rainald of Cologne proposed that Frederick should swear publicly on oath that he would never give recognition to Alexander as Pope, but that he would only recognise, Paschal III [Guy of Crema, the second antipope] as Pope. Frederick agreed to do this and swore this on behalf of both himself and his successors The same oath was also exacted from Frederick's prelates and the princes of his empire. Included in this oath, according to documents published by Frederick, and also in a letter sent to one of Becket’s agents, it was said that the English envoys John of Oxford and Richard of Ilchester had also subscribed their master’s name to this oath, although Henry afterwards claimed he was never party to or bound by his envoys actions, and he never personally issued an official denial, thought it seems that he did force Rotrou, archbishop of Rouen to send a letter to Pope Alexander's curia that he had not given any kind of oath of support to the emperor's antipope Paschal III.
The oath given by Henry's legates to Frederick at the Diet of Wurzburg 1165 was recorded thus
Ad hæc honorabiles Legati illustris amici nostri Henrici , gloriosi Anglorum Regis, ad nos ab ipso transmissi , in totius Curia: nostra præsentia super sanctorum Reliquias ex parte Regis Angliæ publice juraverunt nobis , quod Rex ipfe cum toto Regno suo in parte nostra fideliter stabit: Dominum Paschalem , quem nos tenemos, nobiscum semper tenebit .
At these words the most illustrious ambassadors of our friend of Henry, the glorious King of the English, sent to us by him, before and in the presence of the whole court did publicly swear to us upon the relics of the saints that the King of England, the King himself, on his part, would faithfully, and together with the whole of his kingdom that he shall stand with the Lord Paschal, and would hold to this with us. ...
Henry's denial is recorded in
Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Volume 5 p. 194 MTB Epistola 101 July 1st 1165
The original plan to match a daughter of Henry II with the eldest son of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, was abandoned as this son died in childhood. Matilda, however, left England in September 1167 to proceed with the arranged marriage to Henry the Lion of Saxony.
References
Elfinspell: 1166 A.D., Henry II's Letter to the Archbishop of Cologne, from King's Letters, edited by Robert Steel, Richard de Lucy, Saint Thomas, Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, martyr, Norman England History, Primary Source, English translation
John Allen Giles (1846). The Life and Letters of Thomas À Becket: Now First Gathered from the Contemporary Historians. Letter 29 King Henry to Reginald, archbishop of Cologne: Whittaker and Company. pp. 316–.
Materials for the history of Thomas Becket Volume V, p. 428-9
Epistola 113 Henry king of England to Reginald schismatic archbishop of Cologne Summer 1166? [Sent after the excommunications of Vezelay on June 12, 1166]
Diu desideravi justam habere occasionem recedendi a papa Alexandro et a perfidis cardinalibus ejus, qui proditorem meum Thomam, Cantuariensem archiepiscopum, contra me manutenere praesumunt ; unde cum consilio baronum meorum et cleri, magnos viros de regno meo, archiepiscopum scilicet Eboracensem, episcopum Londoniensem, archidiaconum Pictavensem, Richardum de Luci, Johannem de Oxonia, Romam missurus sum, qui publice denuntiabunt, et manifesto ex parte mea et totius regni Angliae et omnium aliarum terrarum quas habeo proponent papa Alexandro et cardinalibus ejus, ne ulterius proditorem meum manuteneant sed ita liberent me ab eo, ut alium possim cum consilio cleri instituere in ecclesia Cantuari- ensi ; denuntiabimt etiam, quod quicquid Thomas fecit in irritum revocent. Hoc etiam postulabunt, ut coram eis papa jurari faciat publice, quod ipse et successores sui et mihi et omnibus meis regias consuetudines Henrici regis avi mei inconcussas et inviolatas, quantum ad se, in perpetuum conservabunt. Quod si forte alicui petitionum mearum contradicere voluerint, neque ego, neque barones mei, nequexslerus meus aliquam eia ulterius servabimus obedientiam, immo ipsum papam et omnes suos manif este impugnabimus, et quicumque in terra mea inventiLs fuerit, qui papa; post hsec adhaerere voluerit, expelletur a regno. Ea propter rogamus voa, ut carissimum amicum, quatenus fratrem Ernaldum Hospitaliarium, omni occasione remota, cito ad nos mittatis, qui ex parte imperatoris et vestra prasdictis nuntiis meis ducatum prsebeat in eundo^ per terram imperatoris; Valete.
I have long wished to have a just cause for leaving pope Alexander and his perfidious cardinals, who presume to support my traitor, Thomas, formerly archbishop of Canterbury, in his rebellion against me. Wherefore, by the counsel of my barons, I mean to send to Rome the archbishop of York, the bishop of London, and the archdeacon of Poitou, John of Oxford, and Richard de Lucy, to warn the pope from myself and my whole kingdom, no longer to support the cause of my traitor, but to release me from him altogether, and let me have another archbishop of Canterbury in his place. They are also required to revoke all that he has done in this matter, and to make a public decree that the pope, for himself and his successors for ever, shall ratify the constitutions of Henry my grandfather; and if they do not consent to this request, I and my barons and all my clergy will obey him no longer, but will do all we can against him, and any of his party who are found in my dominions shall be expelled. I therefore pray you, as a friend whom I value, to send 12 to us without delay brother Arnold, or brother Ralph the Hospitaller, that they may afford safe conduct to my ambassadors aforesaid through the emperor’s dominions, both in going and returning
Concilia Germaniæ, quæ celsissimi principis Joannis Mauritii, archi-episcopi Pragensis. Curia Wirzenburgensis Pentecost 1165: typo viduæ Joan. Wilhelmi Krakamp, et hæredum Christiani Simonis. 1760. pp. 394–.
Concilia Germaniæ, quæ celsissimi principis Joannis Mauritii, archi-episcopi Pragensis. typo viduæ Joan. Wilhelmi Krakamp, et hæredum Christiani Simonis. 1760. pp. 399–.
Jean Hardouin; Philippe Labbé; Gabriel Cossart (1714). Acta Conciliorum Et Epistolae Decretales, Ac Constitutiones Summorum Pontificum: Ab anno MLXXXVI. ad annum MCCXV. Conciliabulum Herbipolense Pentecosten: Typographia Regia.
Matthæi Parisiensis, monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora Volume II 1067-1216 Henry Luard p. 239.
Baron George Lyttelton Lyttelton (1769). The history of the life of King Henry the Second, and of the age in which he lived: in five books ; to which is prefixed a history of the revolutions of England from the death of Edward the
Confessor to the birth of Henry the Second. Printed for J. Dodsley. pp. 106–.
Walter Ullmann (2003). A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. Routledge. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-134-41535-9. Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger (1842). A History of the Church: Translated from the German of the Rev. J.J. Ig. Döllinger,. C. Dolman and T. Jomes. pp. 16–. Court, household and itinerary of King Henry II pp. 78-117 Böhmer, Johann F.: Regesta Imperii 4: Lothar III. und ältere Staufer 1125—1197 RI IV,2,2 n. 1475, Friedrich I., 1165 Mai 24, Würzburg - Regesta Imperii Frederick I biography - Holy Roman emperor Relations with Pope Alexander III. Encyclopedia Britannica Rainald von Dassel – Wikipedia Rainald of Dassel - Wikipedia
Joseph Patrick Huffman (16 November 2009). The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066-1307). 2 Renovatio Regnorum et Archepiscoporum: University of Michigan Press. pp. 57–. ISBN 0-472-02418-3.
Joseph Patrick Huffman (2000). The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066-1307). University of Michigan Press. pp. 64–. ISBN 0-472-02418-3.
W. L. Warren (1977). Henry II. University of California Press. pp. 493–96. ISBN 978-0-520-03494-5.
Richard Barber (2003). Henry Plantagenet. Boydell Press. pp. 121–8. ISBN 978-0-85115-993-5.
Diet of Wurzburg - Germany [1165] - Encyclopedia Britannica
Oxford, John of (DNB00) - Wikisource
The English Review. Francis and John Rivington. 1846. pp. 384–.
Baron George Lyttelton Lyttelton (1769). The history of the life of King Henry the Second, Printed for J. Dodsley. pp. 106–.
Richard Barber (2003). Henry Plantagenet. Boydell Press. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-0-85115-993-5.
Walter Ullmann (2003). A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. Routledge. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-134-41535-9.
C. W. Previté-Orton (1975). Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 1, The Later Roman Empire to the Twelfth Century. CUP Archive. pp. 569–. ISBN 978-0-521-09976-9.
Anne A. Latowsky (2013). Emperor of the World: Charlemagne and the Construction of Imperial Authority, 800–1229. Cornell University Press. pp. 154–. ISBN 0-8014-6778-0.
Timothy Reuter The Papal Schism of 1159-1169 Oxford 1975
Leyser 1975 Frederick Barbarossa, Henry II and the Hand of St. James
English Historical review 90, 1975 481-506 http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/XC/CCCLVI/481.extract Frederick Barbarossa, Henry II and the Hand of St James K. Leyser The English Historical Review Vol. 90, No. 356 (Jul., 1975), pp. 481-506 Published by: Oxford University Press http://www.jstor.org/stable/566731 Knut Görich (2011). Friedrich Barbarossa: Eine Biographie. C.H.Beck. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-3-406-62149-9. Die Überlieferung von Barbarossas Hoftag zu Würzburg im Jahr 1165 und der Becket-Streit, in: Stauferreich im Wandel, Hg. Stefan Weinfurter (Mittelalter-Forschung 9), Ostfildern 2002, S. 149-171 Hannah Vollrath: Lüge oder Fälschung? Stefan Weinfurter (2002). Stauferreich im Wandel: Ordnungsvorstellungen und Politik in der Zeit Friedrich Barbarossas. Die Überlieferung von Barbarossas Hoftag zu Würzburg im Jahr 1165 und der Becket-Streit. Thorbecke. p. 149. ISBN 978-3-7995-4260-9. Vollrath, Hannah: The kiss of peace. Peace Treaties and International Law in European History. From the Late Middle Ages, ed. Randall Lesaffer, Cambridge 2004, pp. 162-193 Randall Lesaffer (2004). Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: From the Late Middle Ages to World War One. Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-1-139-45378-3. Vollrath, Hannah: The kiss of peace. Peace Treaties and International Law in Europe pp. 162-193. Böhmer, Johann F.: Regesta Imperii 4: Lothar III. und ältere Staufer 1125—1197 Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Volume 5 p. 191-4
MTB 100 July 1st 1165
Fredericus Imperator Cunctis Populis
[Diet of Wurzburg, 1165]
https://archive.org/stream/materialsforhist05robe#page/191/mode/1up
Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Volume 5 p. 194
MTB 101 July 1st 1165
Contradiction of the reports from Wurzburg
https://archive.org/stream/materialsforhist05robe#page/194/mode/1up
Materials I p. 52Materials, V, p. 182Report of the Great Meeting at Wurzburg June 1165Materials, V, p. 428Letter King Henry to Rainald schismatic archbishop of Cologne, Spring 1166telling Rainald that he had demanded that Pope Alexander should depose Becket, and had requested powers to appoint a replacement archbishop, and that if Alexander did not comply he would reject him and recognize Pascal in his place.
William Holden Hutton (1926). Thomas Becket. Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-1-107-66171-4.
William Holden Hutton (1910) Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury p. 126-
Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164) - Wikipedia
Horst Fuhrmann (1986). Germany in the High Middle Ages: C.1050-1200. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-0-521-31980-5.
Walter Ullmann (2003). A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. Routledge. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-134-41535-9.
Pierre Chaplais; Michael Jones; Malcolm Vale (1989). England and Her Neighbours, 1066-1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais. A&C Black. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-1-85285-014-2.
Peter D. Clarke; Anne J. Duggan (2013). Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-4094-8305-2.
Tobias Weller (2004). Die Heiratspolitik des deutschen Hochadels im 12. Jahrhundert. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-3-412-11104-5.
Jens Ahlers (1987). Die Welfen und die englischen Könige, 1165-1235. A. Lax. ISBN 978-3-7848-3502-0.
Joseph Patrick Huffman (2000).
The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066-1307). University of Michigan Press. pp. 64–. ISBN 0-472-02418-3.
Elisabeth Van Houts (2015). Anglo-Norman Studies 37: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2014. Gesine Oppitz-Trotman: The Emperor's Robe: Thomas Becket and Angevin Political Culture Boydell & Brewer. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-1-78327-024-8.
I. S. Robinson (19 July 1990). The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 485–. ISBN 978-0-521-31922-5.
Henry II wrote to Rainald: 'I have long desired a lawful opportunity for withdrawing from Pope Alexander and his treacherous cardinals, who presume to support that traitor Thomas, formerly archbishop of Canterbury, against me.'
Wilfred Lewis Warren (1977). Henry II. University of California Press. pp. 492–. ISBN 978-0-520-03494-5.
Dorothy Mary Owen; Michael J. Franklin; Christopher Harper-Bill (1995). Medieval Ecclesiastical Studies: In Honour of Dorothy M. Owen. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-0-85115-384-1.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: only a member of this blog may post a comment.