Monday, 14 January 2013

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Carolus Du Fresne DU CANGE (1688). Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infirmae graecitatis. Tomus Primus. J. Posuel et C. Rigaud.

Charles du Fresne sieur Du-Cange (1688). Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae graecitatis etc. Tomus Secundus. Anissonii.
Carolus du Fresne Du Cange (Sieur) (1681). Glossarium ad Scriptores mediae & infimae latinitatis: cum dissertatione de imperatorum Constantinopolitanorum, seu de inferioris. Tomus III. impensis Johannis Davidis Zunneri. pp. 48–.
Frank Anthony Carl Mantello; A. G. Rigg (1996). Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide. CUA Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-8132-0842-8.

Keith Sidwell (1995). Reading Medieval Latin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44747-8.



Frank Anthony Carl Mantello; A. G. Rigg (1996). Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide. CUA Press.  . ISBN 978-0-8132-0842-8.

K. P. Harrington (1997). Medieval Latin: Second Edition. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31713-7.

W.-H. Maigne d'Arnis (1858). Lexicon manuale ad scriptores mediae et infime latinitatis. J.-P. Migne.


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Iter- Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Michel Balard; Société des historiens médiévistes de l'enseignement supérieur public (1 January 1992). Bibliographie de l'histoire médiévale en France (1965-1990). Publications de la Sorbonne. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-2-85944-214-9
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Wednesday, 9 January 2013

The Constitutions documented as a compromise

De compromissione et consensu archiepiscoporum et omnium episcoporum super consuetudinibus regni.

Anno ab incarnatione Domini millesimo centesimo sexagesimo quarto, papatus Alexandri anno sexto, illustrissimi regis Anglorum Henrici II anno undecimo, in praesentia ejusdem regis facta est haec recordatio vel recognitio cujusdam partis consuetudinum, et libertatum et dignitatum antecessorum suorum videlicet regis Henrici avi sui, et aliorum quae observari et teneri deberent in regno. Et propter dissensiones et discordias, quae emerserant inter clerum et justitias domini regis, et barones regni de consuetudinibus et dignitatibus regni, facta est ista recordatio vel recognitio coram archiepiscopis et episcopis, et clero, et comitibus, et baronibus et proceribus regni. Et easdem consuetudines recognitas per archiepiscopos et episcopos, et comites et barones, et per nobiliores et antiquiores regni, Thomas sanctae memoriae Cantuariensis archiepiscopus, et Rogerus Eboracensis archiepiscopus, et Gilbertus Londoniensis episcopus, et Henricus Wintoniensis episcopus, et Nigellus Eliensis episcopus, et Willelmus Norwicensis episcopus, et Robertus Lincolniensis episcopus, et Hilarius Cicestrensis episcopus, et Joselinus Saresberiensis episcopus, et Ricardus Cestrensis episcopus, et Bartholomeus Exoniensis episcopus, et Robertus Herefordensis episcopus, et David Menevensis episcopus, et Rogerus Wigorniensis electus concesseruut, et in verbo veritatis viva voce firmiter promiserunt tenendas et observandas domino regi, et haeredibus suis, bona fide et absque malo ingenio praesentibus istis: Roberto comite Legecestriae, Reginaldo comite Cornubiae, Conano comite Britannise, Joanue comite de Augo, Roberto comite de Clarend comite Gaufredo de Mandavilla Hugone comite Cestrensi, Willelmo comite de Arundel comite Patricio Willelmo comite de Ferrariis, Ricardo de Luci, Reginaldo de sancto Walerico, Rogerio Bigot Reginaldo de Warennis, Richerio de Aquila, Willelmo de Braiosa, Ricardo de Cambilla, Nigello de Mowbray, Simone de Bello Campo, Humfrido de Boun, Mattheo de Herefordia, Waltero de Meduana Manasse Biseth Dapifero Willelmo Malet Willelmo de Curci, Roberto de Dunstanvilla, Joselino de Baillolio, Willelmo Lanvalis, Willelmo de Caisneto, Gaufrido de Ver, Willelmo de Hastinga, Hugone de Morevilla, Alano de Nova Villa, Simone filio Petri, Willelmo Malduit Camerario Joanne Malduit Joaune Mariscallo Petro de Mara et multis aliis proceribus et nobilibus regni tam clericis quam laicis.

Consuetudinum vero et dignitatum recognitarum quaedam pars in praesenti scripto continetur. Cujus partis capitula. Haec sunt

Cap I De advocatione &c vide has sedecim constitutiones apud Herbertum de Bosham vol ii. 

Facta est autem praedictarum consuetudinum et dignitatum recordatio regiarum a praefatis archiepiscopis et episcopis et comitibus et baronibus et nobilioribus et antiquioribus regni apud Clarendonam quarta die ante purificationem Sanctae Mariae per petuae virginis domino Henrico filio regis cum patre suo domino rege ibidem praesente. 


On the compromise and consensus reached by the archbishop and all the bishops on the customs of the kingdom.

In the year one thousand one hundred and sixty-four from the incarnation of our Lord, and of the papacy of Alexander in his sixth year, and of the most illustrious king of the English Henry II in his eleventh year, in the presence of same king or any remembrance of the king of these things, this record or recorgnition has been made of a certain part of the customs, and liberties, and dignities of his ancestors, namely of king Henry his grandfather, and of others which are to be observed and held, as they should be, in the kingdom. And on account of the dissensions and discord, which has emerged between the clergy and the justices of our lord the king, and the barons of the realm about the customs and dignities of the kingdom, or any remembrance of these things, this record or recognitom has been made in the presence of the archbishops and bishops, and the clergy, and earls, and barons and nobles of the kingdom. And the same customs have been recognised by the archbishops and bishops, and the earls and barons, and by the other lesser tenants-in-chief, by the knights of the shire, and burgesses. Thomas (in holy memory) archbishop of Canterbury, Roger archbishop of York, Gilbert bishop of London, and Henry bishop of Winchester, and Nigel bishop of Ely, and William bishop of Norwich, and Robert bishop of Lincoln, and Hilary bishop of Chichester, and Jocelyn bishop of Salisbury, and Richard bishop of Chester, and Bartholomew bishop of Exeter, and Robert bishop of Hereford, and David bishop of St David's, and Roger bishop-elect of Worcester  conceded, and in their true word, verbally and firmly promised to uphold and observe for their lord king and his heirs, in good faith and without evil intent in the presence of the following: Robert earl of Leicester, Reginald earl of Cornwall, Conan count of Britanny, John earl of Eu, Robert earl of Clare, Godfrey de Mandaville, Hugh earl of Chester, William earl of Arundel, earl Patrick, William earl of Ferrers, Richard de Luci, Reginald de St. Valery, Roger Bigot, Reginald de Warenne, Richer de Aquila, William de Braose, Richard de Camville, Nigel de Mowbray, Simon de Beauchamp, Humphrey de Bohun, Matthew de Hereford, Walter de Mayenne, Manser Biset the steward, William Malet, William de Courcy, Robert de Dunstaville, Jocelin de Baillol, William de Lanvallei, William de Caisnet, Godfrey de Vere, William of Hastings, Hugh de Moreville, Alan de Neville, Simon Fitz Peter, William Maudit the chamberlain, John Maudit, John Marshall, Peter de Mara, and many other leading nobles and those of high rank in the kingdom both clergy and laity.

Truly of the custom and the acknowledged dignity has been compiled in the present document. Divided into clauses, these are:

Clause 1 On Advowson, etc. 
For these sixteen clauses refer to "Herbert of Bosham, vol. II."

Of the aforesaid royal customs and dignities there was also a remembrance of these by the aforesaid archbishops and bishops, and earls and barons and lords of the kingdom of ancient times, and at Clarendon on the fourth day before the purification of St. Mary the Virgin,  witnessed by the everlasting Lord Henry, the son of the king with his father in the same place and in the presence of the lord king.


Sources and References

Patres ecclesiae anglicanae : Aldhelmus, Beda, Bonifacius, Arcuionus, Lanfrancus, Anselmus, Thomas Cantuariensis. J.-H. Parker. 1845. pp. 256–.

 Thomas (Becket); Herbertus (de Boseham); Jacques Paul Migne (1854). S. Thomae Cantuariensis archiepiscopi et martyris nec non Herberti de Boseham clerici ejus a secretis opera omnia. Migne. pp. 399.


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Sunday, 6 January 2013

Land Tenure

William the Conqueror, following the battle of Hastings and occupation of the country, declared that he was the rightful heir to the crown and kingdom of England, the true successor of king Edward the Confessor.

More or less immediately following the conquest new principles of Land Tenure were introduced into England, the system of Feudal Tenure In theory the king of England owned all the land of England as his personal possession by right of conquest, as absolute allodial owner, the lord paramount. No other person was to be to hold any land in England with allodial title. All other persons could only own a feudal grant in the land which was transferable as an estate, which derived from the king. This right was the Prerogativa Regis although this term was not used and formalised until the time of Edward I or II.


Much of the land was distributed under the feudal principle of lord and tenant, and subtenant, under several different types of contract with differing rights and duties attached to its possession. William kept a lot of the land under his own personal direct rule and management: the crown lands and royal forests, parcelling a large part of the remainder of the land and distributing it to his followers and those who fought alongside him at the battle of Hastings; they were given as feudal baronies subject to tax and “Knights Service”. Similarly, following his coronation, some Anglo-Saxon lords were allowed to buy their lands from the king.

Sir Frederick Pollock, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I. Reprint of 2nd edition, with a Select Bibliography and Notes by Professor S.F. Milsom. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2010). Vol. 1. Chapter: BOOK II: THE DOCTRINES OF ENGLISH LAW IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2313/219420 on 2013-01-06

Every acre of English soil and every proprietary right therein have been brought within the compass of a single formula, which may be expressed thus:— Z tenet terram illam de . . . domino Rege. The king himself holds land which is in every sense his own; no one else has any proprietary right in it; but if we leave out of account this royal demesne, then every acre of land is “held of” the king. The person whom we may call its owner, the person who has the right to use and abuse the land, to cultivate it or leave it uncultivated, to keep all others off it, holds the land of the king either immediately or mediately. In the simplest case he holds it immediately of the king; only the king and he have rights in it. But it well may happen that between him and the king there stand other persons; Z holds immediately of Y,who holds of X, who holds of V, who holds . . . of A, who holds of the king.

There were approximately 200 Barons in England at this time, who owned half the land of England as feudal lords or “tenants in chief” to King William himself, and who were answerable to the King alone.

In the feudal system all tenants owed duties to their lord for their land, which was held under a system of homage paid and fealty due and sworn by the tenant to their lord and a further fealty was also owed to the king.


Land Tenure was.

By barony (per baroniam) was the highest degree of tenure. It imposed duties of military service to the king and allowed the right of attendance at parliament or great council when summoned by the king. All such holders were necessarily tenants-in-chief of the king, tenet in capite de domino rege feudum.

By knight-service, a tenure ranking below barony, for military service, of a lesser extent. It could be held directly in capite from the king or as a mesne tenancy from a tenant-in-chief. Such land was called a knight's fief.

Peasants generally owed agricultural service to their lord, in exchange for their tenement of land.


Enfeoffment was, in the feudal system, the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service. A fee or fief was a kind of benefice, in exchange for service.


Subinfeudation was the system by which tenants, holding land under the king or other superior lord, could sublet parts of the their land(s) to another for services and/or for money (rent).

Paravail was the lowest tenant or occupier of the land, the person who actually tilled the fields.

Freehold signified that the rights were hereditable or perpetual, or they were non-free where the tenancy terminated on the death of the death or earlier specified period. The contract defined the title.

"free and common socage", referred to providing service or goods other than those of a military nature. A good example is the provision of a certain amount of food from a tenant's annual crop.

Religious bodies could also hold land from a lord, in exchange for prayers; this was called "frankalmoigne" or "free alms."

A tenant was required to take an oath of "fidelity" to the lord. This solemn ceremony formed the basis for the legal relationship between the lord and the tenant.

The lord was entitled to emergency taxes when for example, he was kidnapped, to pay the ransom. The lord was allowed to insist from a tenant's eldest son, as heir of the tenure, on a special estate tax called "relief" to effect the transfer of responsibilities. If the tenant died with an infant son as heir, the land went into wardship. If the heir was female, the lord could veto the marriage of the woman.

The position of vassal or tenant was designated by dominium utile, as opposed to dominium directum; the latter term standing for the normal cases of dominium in Roman law, essentially the position of the being the feudal lord. In other words the Lord retains the ultimate directing control over the real property.

Some important rules of feudal law relating to the rights and obligations of lords and tenants can be found in the 1215 Magna Carta.

The Language of Land Tenure

Allodial, Escheat, Seisin, Disseisin

Seisin is the legal possession of a fiefdom, an estate in land. In the legal sense of putting one in possession of, or taking possession of, hence, to be grasping, or seizing the land.

Disseisin is where a tenant has become disseised, or dispossessed of his land.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escheat

Escheatment was the principle which allowed tenanted land to revert back to the lord. There were two causes for land being escheated. The first was the death without heirs of the tenant. The second was the conviction of the tenant of a felony. The loss of one's land, not only for oneself but also for one's heirs, led to a cruel and unusual punishment called peine forte et dure. A person pleading guilty to a felony lost his land to his lord. But if he died without a plea, the next of kin remained eligible to claim the property by paying relief to the lord as long as they could prove their claim.



References
Marc Bloch. tr. Manyon, ed. Feudal Society. Vols I and II Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-67757-4.
[La société féodale (1939)]
http://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1941_num_102_1_460369_t1_0218_0000_000

Marc Bloch (1961). Feudal Society. Volume 1 - The Growth of Ties of Dependence University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-05978-5
[La société féodale, La formation des liens de dépendance.(1939)]
Chapter list: http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3641119.html

Marc Bloch (1961). Feudal Society. Volume 2: Social Classes and Political Organization
University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-05979-2.
[La société féodale, les classes et le gouvernement des hommes.(1940)]


Sir William Searle Holdsworth (1927). An Historical Introduction to the Land Law (1927). The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.. ISBN 978-1-58477-262-0.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seisin

Law, Governance, and Justice: New Views on Medieval Constitutionalism. BRILL. 18 January 2013. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-90-04-23642-4.

La portée politique des réformes d'Henry II en matière de saisine
F. Joüon des Longrais
Revue historique de droit français et étranger (1922-)
Quatrième série, Vol. 15 (1936), pp. 540-571
Published by: Editions Dalloz
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43843901
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k16322r/f546.image
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43843901.pdf

ESCHEAT: IS THE STATE THE LAST HEIR? by John V. Orth. http://www.greenbag.org/v13n1/v13n1_orth.pdf

Lloyd Duhaime, “History of Real Estate Law: The Old English Landholding System”, Duhaime & Company, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, November 1996. http://www.duhaime.org/Real-estate/rehist1.htm

Ranulf de Glanville (1812). A Translation of Glanville. W. Reed. pp. 184–.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peine_forte_et_dure

Ranulf de Glanville (1812). A Translation of Glanville. W. Reed. pp. 3–.

Sir William Searle Holdsworth (1927). "8. Seisin and Possession". An Historical Introduction to the Land Law (1927). The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-1-58477-262-0.

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Seisin

F. W. Maitland. (1897) Domesday Book And Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England. ISBN 978-1-4179-7128-2.
http://archive.org/details/domesdaybook00maituoft
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43255

"But further, Domesday Book is no register of title, no register of all those rights and facts which constitute the system of land-holdership. One great purpose seems to mould both its form and its substance; it is a geld-book."

George Lyttelton (1st baron.) (1769). The history of the life of king Henry the second, and of the age in which he lived. To which is prefixed, A history of the revolutions of England from the death of Edward the confessor to the birth of Henry the second. 3 vols. [and Notes to the second and third (fourth and fifth) books]. pp. 60–. http://books.google.com/books?id=RTsIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA60.

 Nathaniel Bacon; John Selden (1682). An Historical and Political Discourse of the Laws & Government of England ...: From the First Times [until the End of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. With a Vindication of the Ancient Way of Parliaments in England]. John Starkey. pp. 70–. http://books.google.com/books?id=a60zAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA70.

Thomas K. Keefe (January 1983). Feudal Assessments and the Political Community Under Henry II and His Sons. University of California Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-520-04582-8.

Benjamin Thorpe (1840). "Laws of King William the Conqueror". Ancient Laws and Institutes of England: Comprising Laws Enacted Under the Anglo-Saxon Kings from Aethelbirht to Cnut, with an English Translation of the Saxon; The Laws Called Edward the Confessor's; The Laws of William the Conqueror, and Those Ascribed to Henry the First; Also, Monumenta Eccles. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-1-58477-264-4.

Benjamin Thorpe (1861). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: According to the Several Original Authorities. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. pp. 170–.

Edward Augustus Freeman (1871). The History of the Norman Conquest of England: The reign of William the Conqueror. 1871. Volume IV. Clarendon Press.

E A. Freeman William The Conqueror. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-4191-9424-5.

Sir Frederick Pollock; Frederic William Maitland (1996). "Chapter 1: Tenure". The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I 1898. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.. pp. 229–. ISBN 978-1-886363-22-9.

Charles Edmond Petit Dutaillis; Georges Lefebvre (1930). Studies and Notes Supplementary to Stubbs' Constitutional History. Manchester University Press. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-0-7190-0341-7.


Charles Edmond Petit Dutaillis; Georges Lefebvre (1930). "The Tenurial System". Studies and Notes Supplementary to Stubbs' Constitutional History. Manchester University Press. pp. 52–.ISBN 978-0-7190-0341-7

William Stubbs (1891). The Constitutional History of England in its Origin and Development.


http://archive.org/details/constitutionalh01stubgoog


Constitutional History of England: Volume 1


http://archive.org/stream/constitutionalh01stubgoog#page/n283/mode/1up


http://archive.org/stream/constitutionalh01stubgoog#page/n295/mode/1up






Studies and notes supplementary to Stubbs' Constitutional history (1908)
Volume 1
by Ch. Petit Dutaillis and Georges Lefebvre
The Tenurial System p. 52
http://archive.org/stream/studiesnotessupp01peti#page/52/mode/2up

R. Allen Brown (1969). The Normans and the Norman Conquest. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 176–. ISBN 978-0-85115-367-4.

Reginald Allen Brown (1973). Origins of English feudalism. Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-901020-8.

Hugh M. Thomas (2008). The Norman Conquest: England After William the Conqueror. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3840-5.

Domesday Book Online

Domesday Book Kent

Domesday book Kent. Ordnance survey off.. 1863.

Kent Archaeological Society: Text of the Kent Domesday Survey

Sir Henry Ellis; Great Britain. Record Commission (1833). A General Introduction to Domesday Book: Accompanied by Indexes of the Tenants-in-chief, and Under-tenants, at the Time of the Survey: as Well as of the Holders of Lands Mentioned in Domesday Anterior to the Formation of that Record: with an Abstract of the Population of England at the Close of the Region of William the Conqueror, So Far as the Same is Actually Entered. Illustrated by Numerous Notes and Comments. G. Eyre & A. Spottiswoode.

Carucate - Wikipedia


British Library: Translation of Magna Carta





Sir William Blackstone; John Anthon (1832). "Of The Feudal System". An Analytical Abridgment of the Commentaries of Sir William Blackstone on the Laws of England: In Four Books, Together with an Analytical Synopsis of Each Book, to which is Prefixed an Essay on the Study of Law. P.H. Nicklin and T. Johnson. pp. 133–.




Digby K.E.(1892) An introduction to the history of the law of real property.






George Garnett (25 January 2007). Conquered England:Kingship, Succession, and Tenure 1066-1166: Kingship, Succession, and Tenure 1066-1166. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820793-1.






George Garnett (25 January 2007). "Ecclesiastical Vacancy in Conquered England". Conquered England:Kingship, Succession, and Tenure 1066-1166: Kingship, Succession, and Tenure 1066-1166. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-19-820793-1.






George Garnett; John Hudson (28 April 1994). Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43076-0.



Susan Reynolds (1996). Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820648-4.


François Louis Ganshof (1964). Feudalism. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7158-3.



Alod and Fee

J. E. A. Jolliffe

Cambridge Historical Journal

Vol. 5, No. 3 (1937), pp. 225-234

Published by: Cambridge University Press

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3020730


The Money Fief under the English Kings, 1066-1485

Bryce D. Lyon

The English Historical Review

Vol. 66, No. 259 (Apr., 1951), pp. 161-193

Published by: Oxford University Press

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/556684



La féodalité en crise. Propos sur « Fiefs and Vassals » de Susan Reynolds

E. Magnou-Nortier

Revue Historique

T. 296, Fasc. 2 (600) (OCTOBRE-DÉCEMBRE 1996), pp. 253-348

Published by: Presses Universitaires de France

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40956030



Margaret McGlynn (2003). The Royal Prerogative and the Learning of the Inns of Court. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-139-43774-5.

The king and the law, Prerogativa regis in early Tudor England
Author: McGlynn, Margaret
Issue Date: 1998
Publisher: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada
URI: http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq35246.pdf
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/12325

John Hamilton Baker (2003). The Oxford History of the Laws of England: 1483-1558. Oxford University Press. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-0-19-825817-9.

Reeves' History of the English law, from the time of the Romans, to the end of the reign of Elizabeth [1603] : Reeves, John,  Volume I - Internet Archive


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Saturday, 5 January 2013

Church Lands Made Baronies Under William I









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Wednesday, 2 January 2013

Letter from Henry II to Louis of France 1164

Letter from Henry II to Louis VII (Northampton 1164) 
begging him not to receive Thomas, former archbishop of Canterbury in his lands.



Reference

http://archive.org/stream/recueildesactesd01grea#page/385/mode/1up
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